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Enzymatic Therapy

PMS Escape
by Enzymatic Therapy
6 Packets

A Unique Combination Of Simple And Complex Carbohydrates For Sustained Relief*

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PMS Escape was developed by a female scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). PMS Escape premenstrual symptom relief was proven in clinical trials to relieve the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). PMS Escape contains a blend of ingredients which help promote an increase in serotonin levels. Benefits experienced by PMS sufferers in the clinical studies included improved mood; increased energy levels; reduced stress, tension, anger and sadness; and a reduction in cravings for sweets and carbohydrates.*

Key Features:
• Promotes healthy serotonin levels*
• Relief of PMS symptoms*
• Clinically tested at MIT
• Patented formula
• Fat-free, hormone-free
• Easy to use packets – mix with water

Introduction
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by a group of physical and psychological symptoms that appear 3 to 14 days prior to menstruation, and are relieved by the onset of menses. Between 70-90% of American women of childbearing age experience uncomfortable symptoms associated with their menstrual cycle. 20-40% of this group (12-25 million women) feels their symptoms are severe enough to be diagnosed as PMS.*

An average woman experiences 481 menstrual cycles (age 14-51) in her lifetime. Women with severe symptoms of PMS report an average of 6.4 days of symptoms per cycle, which can be extrapolated to approximately 8 years of impairment over their reproductive lives.*

Commonly Reported PMS Symptoms:
• hormonal acne
• breast swelling and tenderness
• feeling tired
• occasional sleeplessness
• upset stomach, bloating, occasional constipation, or loose stools
• appetite changes or food cravings
• trouble concentrating or remembering
• tension, irritability, mood swings, or crying spells
• anxiety

The cause of PMS is not fully understood, but is generally attributed to hormone fluctuations, particularly estrogen, progesterone, and serotonin. Estrogen and progesterone have both been shown to influence serotonin production. Research has also shown that low serotonin levels are associated with many of the symptoms of PMS, including irritability, sadness, and increased craving for carbohydrates. Therefore, it is theorized that relief of PMS symptoms may be obtained through increasing serotonin levels.

Serotonin and Carbohydrate Intake
Serotonin is a hormone found in the brain, platelets, digestive tract, and pineal gland. It acts as a neurotransmitter, stimulating brain cells and controlling mood, sleep, and emotions. Intake of carbohydrates has been linked to increased serotonin synthesis. Conversely, caloric restriction was linked to a 70% reduction in serotonin levels (animal model). Research has focused on influencing serotonin levels through dietary intake as a way to alleviate the psychological symptoms of PMS.*

Dr. Judith Wurtman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has proposed that relief of the symptoms of PMS may be attained through increased consumption of a specific blend of simple and complex carbohydrates. This blend is formulated with carbohydrates selected for their ability to increase the ratio of serum tryptophan to large neutral amino acids, and thus enhance serotonin production. It has been shown that increasing levels of tryptophan, the immediate precursor to serotonin, compared to other amino acids is associated with an increase in brain tryptophan levels and serotonin production.*

Clinical Research
Three separate clinical trials have confirmed that intake of a specific blend of simple and complex carbohydrates is effective at relieving the psychological symptoms of PMS. In trial one, a double-blind, crossover study, women with confirmed PMS consumed either the experimental beverage (PMS Escape), or one of two drinks with similar total calorie contents but different carbohydrate or carbohydrate/protein blends. PMS Escape was previously found to raise the tryptophan:neutral amino acid ratio by 29%, while the other two blends studied showed no effect on this ratio. The women consumed the beverages during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, on a day when they were experiencing significantly increased symptoms. Assessments were taken immediately before, and 30, 90, and 180 minutes after consumption of the drinks. Each woman consumed each of the three drinks once during the three month crossover trial. Each month, the women reported their mood and appetite symptoms on a questionnaire. Results were significant for PMS Escape, including reductions in symptoms of sadness, tension, and anger, as well as cravings for sugar and carbohydrates.*

In study two, women with PMS and a control group of non-PMS sufferers were evaluated two days per month (early follicular phase/last luteal phase) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Center. Both groups completed standard questionnaires assessing mood and alertness, and then consumed a high carbohydrate, low protein meal. The questionnaires were repeated 2 hours post-meal. The PMS group experienced significant decreases in post-meal feelings of sadness, tension, and anger, and increases in calmness and alertness.*

Post-meal Changes in Mood and Energy
• 41% decrease in tension*
• 66% reduction in irritability*
• 43% reduction in sadness*
• 40% increase in energy*

In study three, women with PMS were randomized to receive either a carbohydrate-rich beverage (PMS Escape) or a placebo for the 5 days preceding expected menses. Mood and food cravings were assessed at baseline, and again on each treatment day, using standard assessment tools (Daily Symptom Ratings, Profile of Mood States, and Visual Analog Scale). Results found that 73% of women in the PMS Escape groups reported decreased feelings of tension and stress (anxiety) on the day before menstruation.*

How Does it Work?
An increase in serotonin levels has been shown to relieve the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. PMS Escape contains a blend of ingredients shown to increase the tryptophan (immediate precursor to serotonin) to neutral amino acid ratio. This, in turn, can lead to an increased level of brain serotonin.*

Vitamin C
Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant specifically linked to healthy immune and heart function. Nerve endings in the brain contain the second highest concentration of vitamin C in the human body.*

Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 helps increase production of tryptophan and serotonin in the brain. It also relieves the emotional symptoms (tension and irritability) of premenstrual syndrome.*

Calcium
Supplementation with calcium has been shown to alleviate many of the changes in mood associated with premenstrual syndrome.*

Magnesium
Low magnesium levels have been reported in women with PMS; magnesium supplementation relieves mood-related symptoms.*

Sustained Balance Blend
This combination of simple and complex carbohydrates has been shown in clinical trials to reduce psychological symptoms of PMS.*

Enzymatic Therapy, Inc. is an FDA-registered Drug Establishment and an AFSII-certified producer of particular organic products.

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Supplement Facts Serving Size: One (1) Packet (50g) Servings Per Container: 6

	Amount Per Serving	Daily Value
Calories	190
Total Carbohydrate	48g	16%
Sugars	32g

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)	60 mg	100%
Vitamin B6 (as pyridoxine HCl)	0.5 mg	25%
Calcium (as calcium lactate)	50 mg	5%
Magnesium (as magnesium oxide)	20 mg	5%
A Proprietary Blend (Sustained Balance Blend) dextrose, maltodextrin, and potato starch	48 g	**

** Daily Value Not Established. Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.

Other Ingredients

Citric Acid, Natural Flavor, Silicon Dioxide, Soy Lecithin, Vegetable Juice Color

Suggested Use

As a dietary supplement, one (1) packet with eight to ten (8-10) ounces of water, or more as recommended by your healthcare professional. Best if consumed within five to ten (5-10) minutes of preparation. Must be taken on an empty stomach (one hour before or two hours after eating a meal or snack. May be taken one (1) time in the morning and once between 4 and 5 in the afternoon. If PMS starts in the afternoon, consume first serving in the afternoon and the second serving two (2) hours later.

Warnings

If pregnant, nursing, or taking prescription drugs, consult your healthcare practitioner prior to use. ... Keep bottle tightly closed.

Allergen Info

This product contains NO sugar, salt, yeast, wheat, gluten, corn, dairy products, artificial flavoring, preservatives or ingredients of animal origin. All colors used are from natural sources. Color variations are normal. ... CONTAINS soy.

Applicable Functions

Anxiety Calming, Appetite - Decreasing, Bloating, Breast Health, Constipation, Cravings, Hormonal Imbalances, Irritability, Low Energy, Mood Swings, PMS, Sleeplessness, Tension, Upset Stomach

Related Structure Groups

Breast, Digestive System, Endocrine, GI Tract, Gland, Pineal, Reproductive, Stomach

About Enzymatic Therapy

Nature Makes it Pure. Science Makes it Work.

Our People
Enzymatic Therapy sparks with an enthusiasm that comes from knowing we're helping create the best supplement products in the nation.

Our team is made up of people who are natural explorers, passionate about the healthful ingredients found in nature, but committed to finding the most pure and effective combinations backed by rigorous research.

This buzz doesn't just end at the lab door. Everyone here, from our staff of scientists to our crews running the pharmaceutical-grade machinery to our customer service professionals, shares the exuberance of helping improve the health of America one customer at a time.

Our Reputation
Enzymatic Therapy, Inc. is known as the highest quality provider of therapeutic-dosage natural healthcare products and nutritional supplements in the nation. We strive to be the best for your health.

Our Difference
One thing that sets us apart from the others is the way we make our products. Everything, including raw material evaluation, supplier selection, laboratory analysis and manufacturing standards, is set to conform to the FDA's verified Good Manufacturing Practices, known in the industry as "GMPs."

Our Brands

Quick Tips

Good health doesn't have to be complicated. There are plenty of common-sense steps we can all follow to live better, more active, and fuller lives.

Eat right
We hear this so often it almost loses meaning. Eating right should mean adding things to your diet--more veggies, more fruits, more rich-tasting high-fiber breads and grains. However, it doesn't necessarily mean you have to give up chocolate. After all, there's plenty of beneficial flavonoids in those dark chocolate bars, right? You may just not want to eat chocolate at every meal. Instead of swearing off your favorite (but not healthy) meal forever, try just cutting it down to once or twice a month--make it a treat. As you incorporate more healthy, whole foods into your diet, you'll probably find yourself craving them instead of the bad stuff.

Exercise daily
You don't have to run a marathon or lift your neighbor's house, but you can start parking a little further away at work each day. Begin taking break time walks, especially if the weather is nice. Dust off that bicycle and see if your friends would like to go for a spin. Almost every town has a dedicated group of folks who do some form of fun exercise. Whatever you do, don't overdo it right off the bat, and choose something you really enjoy. After a couple of weeks, your new exercise regimen will become part of your daily routine, as though it had always been that way.

Strength train your brain
Challenge yourself mentally, and not just by trying to keep up at work. Find a class in your off-hours that teaches something you've always been curious about, but has nothing to do with work. Read a book for fun. Start a board game night with your family. Check out those crossword puzzles. Research in recent years shows that learning new skills and interacting with the world keeps our minds younger much longer. You owe it to yourself to turn off the television and fire up some neurons!

Do something for others
Whether you volunteer for a local environmental group, a food pantry, or your church's annual picnic, people generally feel healthier when their focus is outside of themselves.

Drug Nutrient Interactions

Prescription drug listings are not all-inclusive; the drugs listed below are common examples.

Top Drug Categories Interactions
Anti-anxiety
[Buspar (buspirone), Ativan(lorezepam) - see Benzodiazepines]
Kava - For reasons similar to benzodiazepines, it is recommended to avoid taking kava with buspirone unless otherwise directed by a licensed healthcare professional.
St. John's Wort, Ginkgo Biloba - Concurrent use of St. John's Wort and buspirone and St. John's Wort and Ginkgo Biloba with buspirone has resulted in mild serotonin syndrome and should be avoided unless directed by a licensed healthcare professional.
Grapefruit Juice - Concomitant administration of buspirone and grapefruit juice should be avoided as it has increased the concentration of buspirone in the blood.
Antibiotics
(General) Vitamin K - The use of cefmetazole sodium has been associated with hypoprothrombinemia and treated with Vitamin K supplementation.
Antibiotics

(Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, Penicillins, Quinolones, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines) Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, and Zinc - May prevent the absorption of tetracycline, ciproflaxin, and other antibiotics.
Antibiotics

Gentamycin and Penicillians Potassium Chloride - Concomitant administration of gentamycin with potassium chloride may lower the absorption of potassium chloride.
Antibiotics

Extended spectrum Macrolides [Biaxin(clarithromycin), Zithromax (azithromycin), Erythromycin, and Tetracyclines] Antacids - Antacids containing magnesium and aluminum have been shown to interfere with azithromycin absorption. People can avoid this by taking azithromycin two hours before or after any aluminum or magnesium containing products. Studies show that the magnesium typically found in supplements affects absorption of azythromycin.
Anti-Diabetic
[Glucophage(metaformin), Actos, Avandia(pioglitazone)] DHEA(Dehydroepiandrosterone) - Metaformin has been shown to increase levels of DHEA in blood.
Antihistamines

[Claratin(loratadine), Allegra(fexofenadine)]
St. John's Wort - Concomitant use of St. John's Wort can have an effect on plasma levels of fexofenadine.
Fruit Juices - Co-administration of grapefruit, orange, and apple juices decreases the absorption of fexofenadine.
Anti-Psychotics
[Zyprexa(olanzapine), Risperdal(risperidone)]
Vitamin B6 and E - Reported to effectively treat risperidone-related neuroleptic malignant syndrome.*
Glycine - Glycine in combination with anti-psychotic treatment has shown significant results on the effectiveness of these drugs. While adjunctive glycine treatment has been shown to improve negative symptoms in combination with clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone, additional studies have shown it to be ineffective in combination with clozapine.*
Supplementation with glycine in combination with an antipsychotic should only be done under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
Anti-Seizure

[Tegretol (carbamazepine), Dilantin(phenytoin), phenobarbital and Mysoline(primidone). Depakene(valproic acid) and Depakote(divalproex) are also anticonvulsant drugs.] Magnesium, Black Pepper, and Caffeine - Concomitant administration of phenytoin (Dilantin) or phenobarbital with magnesium oxide may lower magnesium oxide's absorption. Concomitant administration of Dilantin and black pepper and/or long pepper may cause the phenytoin to be absorbed more rapidly and eliminated more slowly. Phenytoin also increases the metabolism and loss of caffeine from the body.
Benzodiazepines
Kava - Due to the similarity of effects, it is usually recommended to avoid taking Kava with Benzodiazepines unless otherwise directed by a licensed healthcare professional.
St. John's Wort - Concomitant administration of St. John's Wort with alprazolam and should be avoided unless otherwise directed by a licensed healthcare professional.
Beta-Blockers Potassium - Concomitant use of certain Beta-Blockers may increase potassium levels.
Pepper (Piper Nigrum, Piper Longum) - In single dose human study, piperine, a chemical found in black pepper and long pepper, was reported to increase blood levels of propranolol, which could increase the activity and risks of the drug's side effects.
Antacids - One study showed a reduction in absorption of Sotalol (Betapace) when taken concomitantly with an aluminum oxide or magnesium hydroxide antacid. This interaction can be avoided by taking the medication two hours apart.
Magnesium - Magnesium has been effectively used to treat heart arrythmias that have resulted from administration of Sotalol (Betapace).*
Calcium Channel Blockers Calcium - High level calcium supplementation may reverse the blood pressure-lowering actions of some calcium channel blocker drugs.
Vitamin D - Vitamin D may interfere with the effectiveness of verapamil.
St. John's Wort - A recent study showed that St. John's Wort decreased the bioavailability of R- and S-verapamil.
Fruit Juices - Ingestion of grapefruit, grapefruit juice, and grapefruit products has been shown to increase the adverse effects of calcium channel blockers or similar drugs.
Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing

[Amiloride, Aldactone(spironolactone), Dytac(triamterene)] Magnesium - Magnesium tends to be preserved.
HIV Antivirals St. John's Wort - St. John's Wort has been shown to speed up the elimination of indinavir, which may result in resistance to the drug. St. John's Wort should not be taken concomitantly with HIV Antivirals.
Sho-Saiko-To - This herbal medicine has been shown to enhance the antiviral activity of lamivudine.*
Carnitine - Depletion of Carnitine levels may be responsible for muscle and nerve damage in patients on Antiviral therapies. Carnitine supplementation is recommended.
Antioxidants - A small study showed a positive effect of antioxidant supplementation on hyperlactatemia (elevated levels of lactate in the systemic circulation) in patients on long-term Antiviral therapy.*
N-Acetyl Cysteine - Studies have shown that supplementation with NAC during Antiviral therapy may reduce AZT toxicity.*
Vitamins E and C - Supplementation with Vitamin E has shown to improve the efficacy of AZT and supplementation with Vitamins E and C may reduce AZT-related cellular damage.*
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) Copper - Copper may enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of NSAIDs. Indomethacin may cause sodium and water retention.*
Non-Narcotic Pain Relievers
[Imitrex(sumitriptan), Ultram(tramadol)] St. John's Wort - Potential interactions may occur. Concomitant administration is not advised unless prescribed by a healthcare professional.
Oral Contraceptives St. John's Wort - Concomitant use of St. John's Wort and oral contraceptives may reduce the effectiveness of contraceptives and cause breakthrough bleeding.
Serum Iron and Copper - Oral contraceptive use has been associated with an increase in iron and copper levels.
Respiratory Corticosteroids Calcium - Calcium absorption was reduced following administration of oral beclomethasone (inhaler), a respiratory steroid similar to Flonase.
Synthetic Thyroid Iron and Soy - Iron supplements and soy products taken at the same time as thyroid hormone replacement may interfere with absorption. Thyroid hormone absorption is increased when taken on an empty stomach. Thyroid hormones should be taken an hour before eating, at the same time every day.

For support of overall health in any individual, the appropriate comprehensive age- and gender-specific multiple formula, flax oil, and multiple antioxidant formula are recommended. However, for a specific potential deficiency, individuals may add single ingredient supplements to assure repletion. It is important to consider the quality and bioavailability of vitamin and mineral supplements used for these purposes.*

Drug Nutrient Interaction Chart References

Anti-anxiety

Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2200-2211. Abstract.
Spinella M, Eaton LA. Hypomania induced by herbal and pharmaceutical psychotropic medicines following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2002 Apr; 16(4):359-67. (see reference SSRIs)
Dannawi M. Possible serotonin syndrome after combination of buspirone and St. John's Wort J Psychopharmacol. 2002 Dec; 16(4):401. No abstract available.
Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Backman JT, et al. Grapefruit juice substantially increases plasma concentrations of buspirone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Dec; 64(6):655-60.

Antibiotics

Breen GA. Hypoprothrombinemia associated with cefmetazole Ann Pharmacother. 1997 Feb 31 (2) :180-4.
Pelton R. LaValle JB. Drugs and Their Effects on Nutrition. In: The Nutritional Cost of Prescription Drugs. 2nd Edition Englewood, CO: Morton Publishing Company; 2004, 34-35.
Horowitz S. Combining supplements and prescription drugs. Altern Complete Ther. 2000.pp.306.
Brinker F. Vitamin/mineral/drug interactions. In:Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Dandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.pp.306
Foulds G, Hilligoss DM, Henery EB, Gerber N. The effects of an antacid or cimetidine on the serum concentrations of azithromycin. J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 31:164-167. Abstract.
Flockhart DA, Desta Z, Mahal SK. Selection of drugs to treat gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: the role of drug interactions. Clin Pharmakinet. 2000 Oct;39 (4):295-309.

Anti-Diabetic

Nestler JE, Beer NA, Jakubowicz DJ, et al. Effects of a reduction in circulating insulin by metformin on serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in nondiabetic men J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Mar;78(3):549-54.
Crave JC, Fimbel S, Lejeune H, et al. Effects of diet and metformin administration on sex hormone-binding globulin, androgens, and insulin in hirsute and obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Jul; 80(7):2057-62.

Antihistamines

Izzo AA. Drug interactions with St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the clinical evidence. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Mar; 42(3):139-48.
Wang Z, Hamman MA, Huang SM, et al. Effect of St. John's Wort on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 20002 Jun; 71(6):414-20.
Dresser GK, Bailey DG. The effects of fruit juices on drug disposition: a new model for drug interactions. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003 Nov; 33 Suppl 2:10-6.

Anti-Psychotics

Dursun SM, Oluboka OJ, Devarajan S, Kutcher SP. High-dose vitamin E plus Vitamin B6 treatment of risperidone-related neuroleptic malignant malignant syndrome. J Psychopharmacol. 1998; 12(2):220-1.
Javitt DC, Silipo G, Cienfuegos A, Shelley AM, et al. Adjunctive high-dose glycine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001 Dec; 4(4):385-91.
Heresco-Levy U, Ermilov M, Lichtenberg P, Bar G, Javitt DC. High-dose glycine added to olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Jan 15;55(2):165-71.
Potkin SG, Jin Y, Bunney BG, Costa J, Gulasekaram B. Effect of clozapine and adjunctive high-dose glycine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Jan; 156(1):145-7.

Anti-Seizure

Brinker F, Vitamin/mineral/drug interactions In: Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Dandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.pp. 305.
Herbs Ibid. pp 27-42.

Benzodiazepines

Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2200-2211. Abstract.
Stevinson C, Huntley A, Ernst E. Systemic review of the safety of kava extract in the treatment of anxiety. Drug Saf 2002;25 (4) :251-61.
Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, DeVane CL, et al. Effect of St John's wort on drug metabolism by induction of cytochrome P450 3A enzyme. JAMA. 2003 Sep 17; 290(11):1500-4.

Beta-blockers

Gehr TW, Sica DA. Pharmacotherapy in congestive heart failure: Hyperkalemia in congestive heart failure. Congest Heart Fail. 2001 Mar-Apr; 7(2):97-100.
Rosa RM, Silva P, Young JB, et al. Adrenergic modulation of extrarenal potassium disposal. N Engl J Med. 1980 Feb 21; 302(8):431-4.
Bano G, Raina RK, Zutshi U, et al. Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 41(6):615-7.
Laer S, Neumann J, Scholz H. Interaction between sotalol and an antacid preparation. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Mar; 43(3):269-72.
Sasse M, Paul T, Bergmann P, et al. Sotalol associated torsades de pointes tachycardia in a 15-month-old child: successful therapy with magnesium aspartate. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998 May; 21(5):1164-6.
Forlani S, Moscarelli M, Scafuri A, et al. Combination therapy for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized trial of sotalol and magnesium. Card Electrophysiol Rev. 2003 Jun; 7(2):168-71.

Calcium Channel Blockers

Haft JI, Habbab MA. Treatment of atrial arrhythmias. Effectiveness of verapamil when preceded by calcium infusion. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146:1085-89. Abstract.
Weiss AT, Lewis BS, Halon DA, et al. The use of calcium with verapamil in the management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Int J Cardiol. 1983;4:275-80. Abstract.
Threlkeld DS, ed. Diuretics and Cardiovasculars, Calcium Channel Blocking Agents.In Facts and Comparisons Drug Information St. Louis, MO; Facts and Comparisons, Nov 1992, 150-150b.
Tannergren C, Engman H, Knutson L, et al. St John's wort decreases the bioavailability of R- and S-verapamil through induction of the first-pass metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Apr; 75(4):298-309.
Bailey DG, Dresser GK, Kreeft JH, et al. Grapefruit-felodipine interaction: effect of unprocessed fruit and probable active ingredients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Nov;68(5):468-77.
Baily DG, Arnold MD, Strong HA, Munoz C, Spence JD, et al. Effect of grapefruit juice and maringin on nisoldipine pharmacokinetics. Cli Pharmacol Ther.1993;54:589-94. Abstract

Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing

Devane J, Ryan MP. The effects of amiloride and triameterene on urinary magnesium excretion in conscious saline-loaded rats. Br J Pharmacol 1981;72:285-89

HIV Antivirals

Henderson L, Yue QY, Bergquist C, et al. St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;54(4):349-56. Review.
James JS. St. John's wort warning: do not combine with protease inhibitors, NNRTIs. AIDS Treat News. 2000 Feb 18 ;( No 337):3-5.
Piras G, Makino M, Baba M. Sho-saiko-to, a traditional Kampo medicine, enhances the anti-HIV-1 activity of lamivudine (3TC) in vitro. Microbiol Immunol. 1997; 41(10):835-9.
Moretti S, Famularo G, Marcellini S, et al. L-carnitine reduces lymphocyte apoptosis and oxidant stress in HIV-1-infected subjects treated with zidovudine and didanosine. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2002 Jun;4(3):391-403.
Lopez O, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Edeas M, et al. Could antioxidant supplementation reduce antiretroviral therapy-induced chronic stable hyperlactatemia? Biomed Pharmacother. 2003 May-Jun; 57(3-4):113-6.
Patrick L. Nutrients and HIV: part three - N-acetylcysteine, alpha-lipoic acid, L-glutamine, and L-carnitine. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Aug;5(4):290-305. Review.
Gogu SR, Agrawal KC. The protective role of zinc and N-acetylcysteine in modulating zidovudine induced hematopoietic toxicity. Life Sci. 1996; 59(16):1323-9.
Gogu SR, Beckman BS, Rangan SR, Agrawal KC. Increased therapeutic efficacy of zidovudine in combination with vitamin E. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Nov 30;165(1):401-7
Wang Y, Watson RR. Is vitamin E supplementation a useful agent in AIDS therapy? Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1993 Oct-Dec;17(4):351-75. Review.
de la Asuncion JG, del Olmo ML, Sastre J, et al. AZT treatment induces molecular and ultrastructural oxidative damage to muscle mitochondria. Prevention by antioxidant vitamins. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jul 1; 102(1):4-9.

NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

Sorenson JRJ. Copper chelates as possible active forms of the antiarthritic agents. J Medicinal Chem 1976;19:135-48.
Somova L, Zaharieva S, Ivanova M. Humoral factors involved in the regulation of sodium-fluid balance in normal man. II. Effects of indomethacin on sodium concentration, renal prostaglandins, vasopressin and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 1984;10:29-33.

Non-Narcotic Pain Relievers

Brinker F, Vitamin/mineral/drug interactions In: Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Dandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.pp. 183

Oral Contraceptives

Newhouse IJ, Clement DB, Lai C. Effects of iron supplementation and discontinuation on serum copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium levels in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 May; 25(5):562-71.
Milman N, Rosdahl N, Lyhne N, et al. Iron status in Danish women aged 35-65 years. Relation to menstruation and method of contraception. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1993 Nov; 72(8):601-5.
Frassinelli-Gunderson EP, Margen S, Brown JR. Iron stores in users of oral contraceptive agents. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Apr; 41(4):703-12.

Respiratory Corticosteroids

Smith BJ, Phillips PJ, Pannall PR, et al. Effect of orally administered beclomethasone dipropionate on calcium absorption from the gut in normal subjects. Thorax. 1993 Sep; 48(9):890-3.

Synthetic Thyroid

Beard JL, Borel M, Peterson FJ. Changes in iron status during weight loss with very low-energy diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:104-110. Abstract.
Beard JL, Borel MJ, Derr J. Impaired thermoregulation and thyroid function in iron deficiency anemia. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:813-819. Abstract.
Campbell NR, Hasinoff BB. Iron supplements: A comon cause of drug interactions. Brit J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;31:251-255. Abstract.
Jabbar MA, Larrea J, Shaw RA. Abnormal thyroid function tests in infants with congenital hypothyroidism: The influence of soy-based formulas. J Am Coll Nutr 1997;16:280-282. Abstract.
Threlkeld DS, ed. Hormones, Thyroid Hormones. In: Facts and Comparisons Drug Information. St. Louis, MO: Facts and Comparisons; 1991:131-133c.

Additional References

1. Freeman EW, Stout AL, Endicott J, Spiers P. Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with a carbohydrate rich beverage. Int J Obstet Gyn. 2002;77-253-254.
2. Sayegh R, Schiff I, Wurtman J, Spiers P, McDermott J, Wurtman R. The effect of a carbohydrate-rich beverage on mood appetite and cognitive function in women with premenstrual syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86:520-8.
3. Wurtman J, Brzezinski A, Wurtman R, LaFerrere B. Effect of nutrient intake on premenstrual depression. Am J Obstet Gyn. 1999;161:1228-1234.
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