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Enzymatic Therapy

OsteoPrime Tablets
by Enzymatic Therapy
120 Tablets

Preserves Mineral Mass And Promotes The Body's Bone-repair Functions*

Our Price: $11.99
Retail Price: $21.95
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OsteoPrime bone formula tablets deliver balanced nutrients to support and maintain healthy bones, including 5 forms of calcium for strong bones and teeth; magnesium to help form new calcium crystals; and zinc, vitamin C, and boron to help form the connective structures of the bone.*

Benefits
• Uses clinically proven ingredients to support healthy bones*
• Promotes bone repair and maintains healthy bone structure*

Key Features
• Formulated by Jonathan Wright, M.D., and Alan Gaby, M.D.
• As recommended in Woman's World magazine*

Bone is living tissue and needs calcium and other important nutrients to support healthy bones and teeth, and support healthy bone density. Since proper calcium intake can't always be met through diet alone, a strong supplement can make a huge difference.*

Dr. Wright is medical director of the Tahoma Clinic and a regular contributor to Prevention and Let's Live magazines, and Dr. Gaby is President of the American Holistic Medical Association and Medical Editor of The Townsend Letter for Doctors. Their combined expertise created OsteoPrime bone formula.*

How Does It Work?
Human bones are dynamic living tissues. Much like other organs in the body, bones contain blood vessels (that bring needed nutrients), nerves (for the delivery of information and messages), and specialized cells (osteocytes) that work to maintain its structure. Large amounts of calcium and phosphorus give bones rigidity and strength, while collagen (a fibrous protein) provides flexibility. Cemented together by the minerals magnesium, sodium, and potassium, the primary solid components of bone – calcium, phosphorus, and collagen – require superior nutrition.*

Similar to skin, bones are continually built up and broken down, rebuilding themselves many times. By regulating minerals, vitamin D, and specific hormones,bone maintains a continual balance of bone remodeling. This ongoing process ensures density, strength, and resistance to fracture. The aging process presents significant changes in human bones. As women reach perimenopause and menopause, declining reproductive hormones leave bones vulnerable. When men enter their sixth decade, a slow loss of strength in bone occurs.*

While the nutrients needed to sustain bone health are found in foods, current farming techniques are depleting the soil of many key minerals. Vitamin and mineral intake from food has been shown to be much less than it was a century ago. Agricultural chemicals may interfere with the metabolism of vitamins and minerals. Food preservatives such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) may interfere with absorption of vitamins and minerals. Supplementation of key nutrients can help ensure strong bones throughout a lifetime.*

OsteoPrime Key Ingredients
While OsteoPrime contains 23 ingredients associated with bone health benefits, the following 15 vitamins and minerals have been the subject of the most extensive research showing their impact on bone health.*

Calcium
The most abundant mineral in the body, calcium supports bone health, nerve health, and healthy heart function. There are several calcium salts in nature, each with unique bone supportive benefits. Calcium triphosphate is the most prevalent form of calcium in human bone. Calcium salts contribute differing quantities of elementary calcium. Some salts contain more elemental calcium, while other forms are easier for the body to absorb. For example, calcium lactate is about 32 percent absorbed while calcium citrate is approximately 30 percent absorbed. By combining a number of different calcium salts in a supplement, absorption and utilization can be optimized.*

Research has suggested that supplemental calcium may have superior benefits for the support of healthy bones. A review of fifteen trials, representing 1,806 participants, demonstrated that calcium was more effective than placebo in supporting healthy bone density. A Harvard study that tracked 78,000 women over a decade demonstrated that those who had higher intakes of dietary calcium were more likely to experience support for bone health than those whose dietary calcium intake was lower.*

Magnesium
More than 50% of the body's magnesium content is in bone; a primary function of magnesium is the regulation of active calcium transport within bone structures. Currently, the American diet contains, on average, only 250 mg of magnesium per day, less than the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 420 mg for men and 320 mg for women. In a study of women taking supplemental magnesium for two years, significant support for healthy bone density was demonstrated.*

Zinc
Zinc is a trace mineral and essential cofactor for enzymes involved in the synthesis of bone matrix. Studies have shown that the zinc content in bones declines as people age. There is also a significant correlation between zinc intake and bone health in both men and women.*

Copper
Through healthy support of collagen, copper may support bone mineral density over time. In clinical research, women taking supplemental copper experienced beneficial effects on bone density.*

Manganese
Several trace elements, including manganese, are essential in bone metabolism as cofactors for specific enzymes. In a 16-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, manganese provided nutritional support for the bones in the low back and the knee joint.*

Boron
Boron is an essential nutrient for healthy bones and joints. Clinical research showed that boron supplementation supported healthy bone mineral density. It is thought that thisbeneficial support is related to interactions between boron and calcium, magnesium and vitamin D, which is supported by the finding that supplemental boron reduced urinary calcium excretion.*

Strontium
Found in most plant-based foods, strontium levels in the soil determine how much will be contained in the plant. Recent studies of strontium demonstrated that it is a bone supportive mineral. A review of strontium research shows that the mineral supports healthy bone remodeling, healthy mineralization of bone tissue, and supports healthy distribution of bone mineralization. Strontium is thought to both support both healthy osteoclasts and healthy osteoblasts in bone.*

Silicon
Silicon has recently been recognized as a key nutrient that is important in small amounts for bone health. A recent study of over 2,800 individuals found that higher dietary silicon intake in men and women supports skeletal health, especially the health of cortical bone (dense compact bone in adults).*

Phosphorus
Phosphorus provides nutritional support of healthy bones. Recent research has shown that phosphorus and calcium work together to support healthy mineralization of bones. A research review of over 600 subjects demonstrated the importance of healthy calcium/phosphorus ratios in bone health support. Phosphorus supplementation (when bound to calcium) supports healthy bone formation and soft tissue health.*

B Vitamins
The results of two studies suggest that taking folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 may support bone mineral density by reduction of homocysteine levels.*

• Folic acid
    -Homocysteine levels are a variable in healthy bone metabolism.*
    -Study results show that folic acid supports healthy homocysteine levels.*
• Vitamin B6
    -May help vitamin K activity in bone metabolism.*
• Vitamin B12
    -Combined with folate, reduced homocysteine levels and supported bone health in both men and women.*

Vitamin C
Vitamin C supports the healthy formation of procollagen (a precursor to collagen), supports collagen synthesis, and stimulates healthy bone formation. Clinical research demonstrates that vitamin C supplement use supports healthy bone mineral density. A study of 770 women who took at least 500 mg of calcium and vitamin C had support of healthy bone mineral density in the lumbar spine (lower back).*

Vitamin D
The primary functions of vitamin D are promoting calcium absorption in bone and maintaining normal blood levels of calcium and phosphorus. The long-standing belief that adequate vitamin D can be obtained from exposure to sunlight alone is yielding as widespread vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are reported. Research has demonstrated supplementation with vitamin D3 and calcium may be especially important during the winter months.*

Vitamin K
Vitamin K influences osteocalcin, a protein in bone, to attract calcium and support bone mineralization.*

• A 3-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study of 155 women found that vitamin K1 may substantially support bone density.*
• A study within the Nurses' Health Study, studied data from 72,327 women between the ages of 38 to 63 and found that low intakes of vitamin K was correlated with poor bone density support.*

Enzymatic Therapy, Inc. is an FDA-registered Drug Establishment and an AFSII-certified producer of particular organic products.

Supplement Facts Serving Size: Four (4) Tablets Servings Per Container: 30

	Amount Per Serving	Daily Value
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)	100 mg	167%
Vitamin D (As Cholecalciferol)	300 IU	75%
Vitamin K (As Phytonadione)	300 mcg	375%
Thiamin (as thiamin HCl) (vitamin B1)	20 mg	1,333%
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)	20 mg	1,176%
Niacin (As Niacinamide)	50 mg	250%
Vitamin B6 (As Pyridoxine HC)	25 mg	1,250%
Folic Acid	800 mcg	200%
Vitamin B12 (As Cyanocobalamin)	20 mcg	333%
Pantothenic Acid (As Calcium D-pantothenate)	20 mg	200%
Calcium (From Tricalcium Phosphate, Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Lactate, Calcium Krebs Cycle Chelates***, And Calcium Citrate)	600 mg	60%
Phosphorus (From Tricalcium Phosphate)	96 mg	10%
Magnesium (As Magnesium Oxide And Magnesium Aspartate)	250 mg	63%
Zinc (As Zinc Picolinate)	20 mg	133%
Selenium (As Sodium Selenite)	100 mcg	143%
Copper (As Copper Gluconate)	2 mg	100%
Manganese (As Manganese Aspartate)	7 mg	350%
Chromium (As Chromium Aspartate)	200 mcg	167%
Molybdenum (As Sodium Molybdate)	50 mcg	67%
Betaine HCl	20 mg	**
Boron (As Boron Krebs Cycle Chelates***)	2 mg	**
Silicon (As Sodium Metasilicate)	1 mg	**
Strontium (As Strontium Chloride)	1 mg	**

***Chelated as citrate, fumarate, malate, succinate, and alpha ketoglutarate.

** Daily Value Not Established. Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.

Other Ingredients

Carnauba Wax, Cellulose, Magnesium Stearate, Modified Cellulose, Modified Cellulose Gum, Silicon Dioxide, Soy Lecithin, Stearic Acid, Titanium Dioxide

Suggested Use

As a dietary supplement, four (4) tablets daily during or after meals, or more as recommended by your healthcare practitioner.

Warnings

If pregnant, nursing, or taking prescription drugs, consult your healthcare practitioner prior to use. ... Keep bottle tightly closed.

Allergen Info

This product contains NO sugar, salt, yeast, wheat, gluten, corn, dairy products, artificial flavoring, or preservatives. All colors used are from natural sources. Color variations are normal.

Applicable Functions

Bone and Tooth Health, Brittle Bones, Osteoarthritis Nutrition

Related Structure Groups

Bones, Teeth - Tooth

About Enzymatic Therapy

Nature Makes it Pure. Science Makes it Work.

Our People
Enzymatic Therapy sparks with an enthusiasm that comes from knowing we're helping create the best supplement products in the nation.

Our team is made of people who are natural explorers; passionate about the healthful ingredients found in nature but committed to finding the most pure and effective combinations backed by rigorous research.

This buzz doesn't just end at the lab door. Everyone here, from our staff of scientists to our crews running the pharmaceutical-grade machinery to our customer service professionals, shares the exuberance of helping improve the health of America one customer at a time.

Our Reputation
Enzymatic Therapy, Inc. is known as the highest quality provider of therapeutic-dosage natural healthcare products and nutritional supplements in the nation. We strive to be the best for your health.

Our Difference
One thing that sets us apart from the others is the way we make our products. Everything, including raw material evaluation, supplier selection, laboratory analysis and manufacturing standards, is set to conform to the FDA's verified Good Manufacturing Practices, known in the industry as "GMPs."

Our Brands

Quick Tips

Good health doesn't have to be complicated. There are plenty of common-sense steps we can all follow to live better, more active, and fuller lives.

Eat right
We hear this so often it almost loses meaning. Eating right should mean adding things to your diet--more veggies, more fruits, more rich-tasting high-fiber breads and grains. However, it doesn't necessarily mean you have to give up chocolate. After all, there's plenty of beneficial flavonoids in those dark chocolate bars, right? You may just not want to eat chocolate at every meal. Instead of swearing off your favorite (but not healthy) meal forever, try just cutting it down to once or twice a month--make it a treat. As you incorporate more healthy, whole foods into your diet, you'll probably find yourself craving them instead of the bad stuff.

Exercise daily
You don't have to run a marathon or lift your neighbor's house. But, you can start parking a little further away at work each day. Begin taking break time walks, especially if the weather is nice. Dust off that bicycle and see if your friends would like to go for a spin. Almost every town has a dedicated group of folks who do some form of fun exercise. Whatever you do, don't overdo it right off the bat, and choose something you really enjoy. After a couple of weeks, your new exercise regimen will become part of your daily routine, as though it had always been that way.

Strength train your brain
Challenge yourself mentally, and not just by trying to keep up at work. Find a class in your off-hours that teaches something you've always been curious about, but has nothing to do with work. Read a book for fun. Start a board game night with your family. Check out those crossword puzzles. Research in recent years shows that learning new skills and interacting with the world keeps our minds younger much longer. You owe it to yourself to turn off the television and fire up some neurons!

Do something for others
Whether you volunteer for a local environmental group, a food pantry, or your church's annual picnic, people generally feel healthier when their focus is outside of themselves.

Drug Nutrient Interactions

Prescription drug listings are not all-inclusive; the drugs listed below are common examples.

Top Drug Categories Interactions
Anti-anxiety
[Buspar^® (buspirone), Ativan^®(lorezepam) - see Benzodiazepines]
Kava - For reasons similar to benzodiazepines, it is recommended to avoid taking kava with buspirone unless otherwise directed by a licensed health care professional.
St. John's Wort, Ginkgo Biloba - Concurrent use of St. John's Wort and buspirone and St. John's Wort and Ginkgo Biloba with buspirone has resulted in mild serotonin syndrome and should be avoided unless directed by a licensed health care professional.
Grapefruit Juice - Concomitant administration of buspirone and grapefruit juice should be avoided as it increased the concentration of buspirone in the blood.
Antibiotics
(General) Vitamin K - The use of cefmetazole sodium has been associated with hypoprothrombinrmia and treated with Vitamin K supplementation.
Antibiotics

(Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, Penicillins, Quinolones, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines) Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, and Zinc - May prevent the absorption of tetracycline, ciproflaxin, and other antibiotics.
Antibiotics

Gentamycin and Penicillians Potassium Chloride - Concomitant administration of gentamycin with potassium chloride may lower the absorption of potassium chloride.
Antibiotics

Extended spectrum Macrolides [Biaxin^®(clarithromycin), Zithromax^®(azithromycin), Erythromycin, and Tetracyclines] Antacids - Antacids containing magnesium and aluminum have been shown to interfere with azithromycin absorption. People can avoid this by taking azithromycin two hours before or after any aluminum or magnesium containing products. Studies show the magnesium typically found in supplements affects absorption of azythromycin.
Anti-Diabetic
[Glucophage^®(metaformin), Actos^®, Avandia^®(pioglitazone)] DHEA(Dehydroepiandrosterone) - Metaformin has been shown to increase levels of DHEA in blood.
Antihistamines

[Claratin^®(loratadine), Allegra^®(fexofenadine)]
St. John's Wort - Concomitant use of St. John's Wort can have an effect on plasma levels of fexofenadine.
Fruit Juices - Co-administration of grapefruit, orange, and apple juices decreases the absorption of fexofenadine.
Anti-Psychotics
[Zyprexa^®(olanzapine), Risperdal^®(risperidone)]
Vitamin B₆ and E - Reported to effectively treat risperidone -related neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Glycine - Glycine in combination with antiphychotic treatment has shown significant effects on the effectiveness of these drugs. While adjunctive glycine treatment has been shown to improve negative symptoms in combination with clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone. Additional studies have shown it to be ineffective in combination with clozapine.
Supplementation with glycine in combination with an antipsychotic should only be done under the supervision of a health care professional.
Anti-Seizure

[Tegretol^®(carbamazepine), Dilantin^®(phenytoin), phenobarbital and Mysoline^®(primidone). Depakene^®(valproic acid) and Depakote^®(divalproex) are also anticonvulsant drugs.] Magnesium, Black Pepper, and Caffeine - Concomitant administration of phenytoin (Dilantin^®) or phenobarbital with magnesium oxide may lower magnesium oxide's absorption. Concomitant administration of Dilantin^® and black pepper and/or long pepper may cause the phenytoin to be absorbed more rapidly and eliminated more slowly. Phenytoin also increases the metabolism and loss of caffeine from the body.
Benzodiazepines
Kava - Due to the similarity of effects, it is usually recommended to avoid taking Kava with Benzodiazepines unless otherwise directed by a licensed health care professional.
St. John's Wort - Concomitant administration of St. John's Wort with alprazolam and should be avoided unless otherwise directed by a licensed health care professional.
Beta-Blockers Potassium - Concomitant use of certain Beta-Blockers may increase potassium levels.
Pepper (Piper Nigrum, Piper Longum) - In single dose human study, piperine, a chemical found in black pepper and long pepper, was reported to increase blood levels of propranolol, which could increase the activity and risks of the drug's side effects.
Antacids - One study showed a reduction in absorption of Sotalol(Betapace^®) when taken concomitantly with an aluminum oxide or magnesium hydroxide antacid. This interaction can be avoided by taking the medication two hours apart.
Magnesium - Magnesium has been effectively used to treat heart arrythmias that have resulted from administration of Sotalol(Betapace^®).
Calcium Channel Blockers Calcium - High level calcium supplementation may reverse the blood pressure-lowering actions of some calcium channel blocker drugs.
Vitamin D - Vitamin D may interfere with the effectiveness of verapamil.
St. John's Wort - A recent study showed that St. John's Wort decreased the bioavailability of R- and S-verapamil.
Fruit Juices - Ingestion of grapefruit, grapefruit juice, and grapefruit products has been shown to increase the adverse effects of calcium channel blockers or similar drugs.
Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing

[Amiloride, Aldactone^®(spironolactone), Dytac^®(triamterene)] Magnesium - Magnesium tends to be preserved.
HIV Antivirals St. John's Wort - St. John's Wort has been shown to speed up the elimination of indinavir which may result in resistance to the drug. St. John's Wort should not be taken concomitantly with HIV Antivirals.
Sho-Saiko-To - This herbal medicine has been shown to enhance the antiviral activity of lamivudine.
Carnitine- Depletion of Carnitine levels may be responsible for muscle and nerve damage in patients on Antiviral therapies. Canitine supplementation is recommended.
Antioxidants- A small study showed a positive effect of antioxidant supplementation on hyperlactatemia (elevated levels of lactate in the systemic circulation) in patients on long-term Antiviral therapy.
N-Aceylt Cysteine- Studies have shown supplementation a NAC during Antiviral therapy may reduce AZT toxicity.
Vitamins E and C- Supplementation with Vitamin E has shown to improve the efficacy of AZT and supplementation with Vitamins E and C may reduce AZT-related cellular damage.
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) Copper - Copper may enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of NSAIDs. Indomethacin may cause sodium and water retention.
Non-Narcotic Pain Relievers
[Imitrex^®(sumitriptan), Ultram^®(tramadol)] St. John's Wort - Potential interactions may occur. Concomitant administration is not advised unless prescribed by a health care professional.
Oral Contraceptives St. John's Wort - Concomitant use of St. John's Wort and oral contraceptives may reduce the effectiveness of the contraceptives and cause breakthrough bleeding.
Serum Iron and Copper - Oral contraceptive use has been associated with an increase in iron and copper levels.
Respiratory Corticosteroids Calcium - Calcium absorption was reduced following administration of oral beclomethasone (inhaler), a respiratory steroid similar to Flonase.
Synthetic Thyroid Iron and Soy - Iron supplements and soy products taken at the same time as thyroid hormone replacement may interfere with absorption. Thyroid hormone absorption is increased when taken on an empty stomach. Thyroid hormones should be taken an hour before eating, at the same time every day.

For support of overall health in any individual, the appropriate comprehensive age- and gender-specific multiple formula, flax oil, and multiple antioxidant formula are recommended. However, for a specific potential deficiency, individuals may add single ingredient supplements to assure repletion. It is important to consider the quality and bioavailability of vitamin and mineral supplements used for these purposes.

OsteoPrime Tablets FAQ

Why so many types of calcium in this formula?
Simply put, more forms of calcium ensure more complete availability in the body. Each calcium salt—that is, each calcium attached to a different mineral—offers differing quantities of elemental calcium. Elemental calcium is the “bottom line” amount of calcium you absorb from food or a supplement. While some calcium/mineral combinations have more elemental calcium than others, they’re not always easy to absorb. For example, calcium lactate is about 32 percent absorbed while calcium citrate is approximately 30 percent absorbed. Tricalcium phosphate is an important addition to the formula because is the most prevalent form of calcium in human bone.*

Drug Nutrient Interaction Chart References

Anti-anxiety

Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2200-2211. Abstract.
Spinella M, Eaton LA. Hypomania induced by herbal and pha,aceutical psychotropic medicines following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2002 Apr; 16(4):359-67. (see reference SSRIs)
Dannawi M. Possible serotonin syndrom after combination of buspirone and St. John's Wort J Psychopharmacol. 2002 Dec; 16(4):401. No abstract available.
Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Backman JT, et al. Grapefruit juice substantially increases plasma concentrations of buspirone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Dec; 64(6):655-60.

Antibiotics

Breen GA. Hypoprothrombinemia associated with cefmetazole Ann Pharmacother. 1997 Feb 31 (2) :180-4.
Pelton R. LaValle JB. Drugs and Their Effects on Nutrition. In: The Nutritional Cost of Perscription Drugs. 2nd Edition Englewood, CO: Morton Publishing Company; 2004, 34-35.
Horowitz S. Combining supplements and perscription drugs. Altern Complete Ther. 2000.pp.306.
Brinker F. Vitamin/mineral/drug interactions. In:Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Dandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.pp.306
Foulds G, Hilligoss DM, Henery EB, Gerber N. The effects of an antacid or cimetidine on the serum concentrations of azithromycin. J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 31:164-167. Abstract.
Flockhart DA, Desta Z, Mahal SK. Selection of drugs to treat gastro-oesophageal reflux diease: the role of drug interactions. Clin Pharmakinet. 2000 Oct;39 (4):295-309.

Anti-Diabetic

Nestler JE, Beer NA, Jakubowicz DJ, et al. Effects of a reduction in circulating insulin by metformin on serum dehdtorpiandrosterone sulfate in nondiabetic men J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Mar;78(3):549-54.
Crave JC, Fimbel S, Lejeune H, et al. Effects of diet and metformin administration on sex hormone-binding globulin, androgens, and insulin in hirsute and obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Jul; 80(7):2057-62.

AntiHistamines

Izzo AA. Drug interactions with St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the clinical evidence. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Mar; 42(3):139-48.
Wang Z, Hamman MA, Huang SM, et al. Effect of St. John's Wort on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 20002 Jun; 71(6):414-20.
Dresser GK, Bailey DG. The effects of fruit juices on drug disposition: a new model for drug interactions. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003 Nov; 33 Suppl 2:10-6.

Anti-Psychotics

Dursun SM, Oluboka OJ, Devarajan S, Kutcher SP. High-dose vitamin E plus Vitamin B6 treatment of risperidone-related neuroleptic malignant malignant syndrome. J Psychopharmacol. 1998; 12(2):220-1.
Javitt DC, Silipo G, Cienfuegos A, Shelley AM, et al. Adjunctive high-dose glycine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001 Dec; 4(4):385-91.
Heresco-Levy U, Ermilov M, Lichtenberg P, Bar G, Javitt DC. High-dose glycine added to olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Jan 15;55(2):165-71.
Potkin SG, Jin Y, Bunney BG, Costa J, Gulasekaram B. Effect of clozapine and adjunctive high-dose glycine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Jan; 156(1):145-7.

Anti-Seizure

Brinker F, Vitamin/mineral/drug interactions In: Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Dandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.pp. 305.
Herbs Ibid. pp 27-42.

Benzodiazepines

Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2200-2211. Abstract.
Stevinson C, Huntley A, Ernst E. Systemic review of the safety of kava extract in the treatment of anxiety. Drug Saf 2002;25 (4) :251-61.
Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, DeVane CL, et al. Effect of St John's wort on drug metabolism by induction of cytochrome P450 3A enzyme. JAMA. 2003 Sep 17; 290(11):1500-4.

Beta-blockers

Gehr TW, Sica DA. Pharmacotherapy in congestive heart failure: Hyperkalemia in congestive heart failure. Congest Heart Fail. 2001 Mar-Apr; 7(2):97-100.
Rosa RM, Silva P, Young JB, et al. Adrenergic modulation of extrarenal potassium disposal. N Engl J Med. 1980 Feb 21; 302(8):431-4.
Bano G, Raina RK, Zutshi U, et al. Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 41(6):615-7.
Laer S, Neumann J, Scholz H. Interaction between sotalol and an antacid preparation. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Mar; 43(3):269-72.
Sasse M, Paul T, Bergmann P, et al. Sotalol associated torsades de pointes tachycardia in a 15-month-old child: successful therapy with magnesium aspartate. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998 May; 21(5):1164-6.
Forlani S, Moscarelli M, Scafuri A, et al. Combination therapy for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized trial of sotalol and magnesium. Card Electrophysiol Rev. 2003 Jun; 7(2):168-71.

Calcium Channel Blockers

Haft JI, Habbab MA. Treatment of atrial arrhythmias. Effectiveness of verapamil when preceded by calcium infusion. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146:1085-89. Abstract.
Weiss AT, Lewis BS, Halon DA, et al. The use of calcium with verapamil in the management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Int J Cardiol. 1983;4:275-80. Abstract.
Threlkeld DS, ed. Diuretics and Cardiovasculars, Calcium Channel Blocking Agents.In Facts and Comparisons Drug Information St. Louis, MO; Facts and Comparisons, Nov 1992, 150-150b.
Tannergren C, Engman H, Knutson L, et al. St John's wort decreases the bioavailability of R- and S-verapamil through induction of the first-pass metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Apr; 75(4):298-309.
Bailey DG, Dresser GK, Kreeft JH, et al. Grapefruit-felodipine interaction: effect of unprocessed fruit and probable active ingredients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Nov;68(5):468-77.
Baily DG, Arnold MD, Strong HA, Munoz C, Spence JD, et al. Effect of grapefruit juice and maringin on nisoldipine pharmacokinetics. Cli Pharmacol Ther.1993;54:589-94. Abstract

Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing

Devane J, Ryan MP. The effects of amiloride and triameterene on urinary magnesium excretion in conscious saline-loaded rats. Br J Pharmacol 1981;72:285-89

HIV Antivirals

Henderson L, Yue QY, Bergquist C, et al. St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;54(4):349-56. Review.
James JS. St. John's wort warning: do not combine with protease inhibitors, NNRTIs. AIDS Treat News. 2000 Feb 18 ;( No 337):3-5.
Piras G, Makino M, Baba M. Sho-saiko-to, a traditional Kampo medicine, enhances the anti-HIV-1 activity of lamivudine (3TC) in vitro. Microbiol Immunol. 1997; 41(10):835-9.
Moretti S, Famularo G, Marcellini S, et al. L-carnitine reduces lymphocyte apoptosis and oxidant stress in HIV-1-infected subjects treated with zidovudine and didanosine. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2002 Jun;4(3):391-403.
Lopez O, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Edeas M, et al. Could antioxidant supplementation reduce antiretroviral therapy-induced chronic stable hyperlactatemia? Biomed Pharmacother. 2003 May-Jun; 57(3-4):113-6.
Patrick L. Nutrients and HIV: part three - N-acetylcysteine, alpha-lipoic acid, L-glutamine, and L-carnitine. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Aug;5(4):290-305. Review.
Gogu SR, Agrawal KC. The protective role of zinc and N-acetylcysteine in modulating zidovudine induced hematopoietic toxicity. Life Sci. 1996; 59(16):1323-9.
Gogu SR, Beckman BS, Rangan SR, Agrawal KC. Increased therapeutic efficacy of zidovudine in combination with vitamin E. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Nov 30;165(1):401-7
Wang Y, Watson RR. Is vitamin E supplementation a useful agent in AIDS therapy? Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1993 Oct-Dec;17(4):351-75. Review.
de la Asuncion JG, del Olmo ML, Sastre J, et al. AZT treatment induces molecular and ultrastructural oxidative damage to muscle mitochondria. Prevention by antioxidant vitamins. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jul 1; 102(1):4-9.

NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

Sorenson JRJ. Copper chelates as possible active forms of the antiartritic agents. J Medicinal Chem 1976;19:135-48.
Somova L, Zaharieva S, Ivanova M. Humoral factors involved in the regulation of sodium-fluid balance in normal man. II. Effects of indomethacin on sodium concentration, renal prostaglandins, vasopressin and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 1984;10:29-33.

Non-Narcotic Pain Relievers

Brinker F, Vitamin/mineral/drug interactions In: Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Dandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.pp. 183

Oral Contraceptives

Newhouse IJ, Clement DB, Lai C. Effects of iron supplementation and discontinuation on serum copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium levels in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 May; 25(5):562-71.
Milman N, Rosdahl N, Lyhne N, et al. Iron status in Danish women aged 35-65 years. Relation to menstruation and method of contraception. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1993 Nov; 72(8):601-5.
Frassinelli-Gunderson EP, Margen S, Brown JR. Iron stores in users of oral contraceptive agents. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Apr; 41(4):703-12.

Respiratory Corticosteroids

Smith BJ, Phillips PJ, Pannall PR, et al. Effect of orally administered beclomethasone dipropionate on calcium absorption from the gut in normal subjects. Thorax. 1993 Sep; 48(9):890-3.

Synthetic Thyroid

Beard JL, Borel M, Peterson FJ. Changes in iron status during weight loss with very low-energy diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:104-110. Abstract.
Beard JL, Borel MJ, Derr J. Impaired thermoregulation and thyroid function in iron deficiency anemia. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:813-819. Abstract.
Campbell NR, Hasinoff BB. Iron supplements: A comon cause of drug interactions. Brit J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;31:251-255. Abstract.
Jabbar MA, Larrea J, Shaw RA. Abnormal thyroid function tests in infants with congenital hypothyroidism: The influence of soy-based formulas. J Am Coll Nutr 1997;16:280-282. Abstract.
Threlkeld DS, ed. Hormones, Thyroid Hormones. In: Facts and Comparisons Drug Information. St. Louis, MO: Facts and Comparisons; 1991:131-133c.

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