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Enzymatic Therapy

Krebs Cycle Chelates
by Enzymatic Therapy
100 Tablets

A Scientifically-Balanced Combination Of Minerals For Heart Health*

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Krebs Cycle Chelates is a scientifically balanced combination of major and trace minerals bound or chelated to Krebs cycle intermediates for heart health. They can help support many functions in the body that require mineral replenishment.*

Supplementation with Krebs cycle chelated-minerals is often used to enhance the production of energy at a cellular level, in the mitochondria. Sustainable energy is especially important in tissues requiring high levels of energy, such as the heart, arteries, and veins.*

The Krebs cycle is the common pathway for converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into chemical energy. Krebs cycle intermediates can bind (chelate) up to three mineral molecules for every one of their own molecules, meaning more benefits for your body. The body uses about 95% of the Krebs cycle intermediates in energy production.*

How Does It Work?
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, was first identified by Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937. The Krebs cycle consists of a series of enzymatic reactions, which use oxygen to convert carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into carbon dioxide and water. The cycle is also responsible for the generation of cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is a nucleotide utilized to transport energy for cell metabolism. Each turn of the cycle generates one molecule of ATP and two molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2). The Krebs cycle takes place within the mitochondria, distinct organelles found inside every cell and commonly referred to as the “energy powerhouse.”*

The Krebs cycle consists of 8 critical steps involving the creation of 5 intermediate compounds:

1. Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), a product of glycolysis (the first step in the breakdown of glucose), is one of the starting components of the Krebs cycle. The acetic acid subunit of acetyl CoA is combined with oxaloacetate to form citrate. The coenzyme subunit of acetyl CoA is released by hydrolysis (a reaction with water) to combine with another acetic acid molecule and begin the Krebs cycle again.

2. Citrate is converted into its isomer isocitrate. Isomers are molecules possessing the same chemical formula, but different structural configurations.

3. Isocitrate is oxidized to form the second intermediate, alpha-ketoglutarate. During this reaction, carbon dioxide (CO2) is released and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), an important coenzyme and carrier of electrons in the electron transport chain, is reduced to NADH. This transfer of electrons is critical to the generation of cellular energy.*

4. Alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidized to succinyl coenzyme A (succinyl CoA). A second molecule of CO2 is released and another molecule of NADH is formed.

5. A water (H2O) molecule donates its hydrogen atoms to the coenzyme A subunit of succinyl CoA. Then, a free-floating phosphate group (-PO4) displaces coenzyme A and forms a bond with the succinyl complex. The phosphate is then transferred to a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to produce an energy molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It leaves behind one molecule of succinate.

6. Succinate is oxidized by a molecule of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), another compound necessary for the transfer of electrons and generation of energy within the cell. The intermediate fumarate is formed and FADH, the reduced form of FAD, is released.*

7. Fumarate is hydrolyzed (by water) to form the final intermediate, malate.

8. Malate is oxidized by NAD+ to regenerate the Krebs cycle starting component, oxaloacetate. Another molecule of NADH is formed. Oxaloacetate is then free to combine with acetyl CoA and begin the Krebs cycle again.

The Krebs cycle intermediates include the five organic acids: citrate, alpha ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malate. Research suggests that minerals chelated (bound) to these intermediates, like those found in Krebs Cycle Chelates, have several advantages over other mineral forms. Krebs cycle intermediates are readily absorbed and utilized by the body. These complexes are more easily ionized than other mineral forms. This ability to dissociate (break apart into positive cations and negative anions) increases the amount of ionized minerals available for uptake by the body.

Krebs cycle intermediates are also very stable over the broad pH range found in the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, the net absorption of mineral cations is far greater with Krebs cycle intermediates than with other mineral complexes. Supplementation with Krebs cycle chelated-minerals is often used to enhance the mitochondrial production of cellular energy. Sustainable energy is especially important in tissues requiring high levels of energy, such as the heart, arteries, and veins.*

Calcium
Calcium is an essential mineral for heart health and an important regulator of the Krebs cycle. Inside the mitochondria, calcium activates several enzymes involved in Krebs cycle reactions, including pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. Research indicates that calcium can increase the rate of Krebs cycle reactions in heart mitochondria. An increase in calcium can drive reactions toward completion, leading to a net increase in energy production.*

Calcium has also been well researched for its role in healthy heart function.The mineral allows actin and myosin, two proteins found in muscles, to interact properly during contraction. Through this cellular process, calcium directs the pacemaker activity and the excitation-contraction movement of the pumping heart.*

Iron
Another mineral essential to human health, iron plays a pivotal role in energy metabolism and healthy red blood cell production. Most of the body's iron is stored in red blood cells. Supplementation has been shown to not only enhance energy levels, but also improve lipid profiles. Research indicates that optimal iron levels are necessary to keep the heart functioning properly.*

Iodine
Iodine is a trace element utilized by the thyroid gland to synthesize thyroid hormones, which regulate basal metabolic rate. Plasma thyroid hormone levels have been critically linked to effective cardiac function. Optimal hormone levels promote healthy systolic intervals and a healthy heart rate.*

Magnesium
Involved inthe synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), magnesium is essential to all living organisms. Magnesium ions are also required as cofactors by certain enzymes, including those which utilize ATP. Like calcium, magnesium plays an important role in the excitation and contractions of the heart. Clinical research has shown that magnesium promotes healthy heart rhythms.*

Zinc
Zinc is an important component in enzymes, including carbonic anhydrase and peptidase, which are involved in carbon dioxide metabolism and protein digestion, respectively. Clinical research has documented a significant direct correlation between zinc and aortic valve health. Several clinical trials have shown that zinc supplementation plays a critical role in cardiovascular health.*

Selenium
Selenium is an essential trace element. Because of its functions as an antioxidant and enzyme catalyst, selenium has been well documented for its cardio-protective effects.*

Copper
Copper is another essential trace mineral and important component of coenzymes involved in the electron transport chain. Research has shown that copper provides significant support for healthy heart muscles.*

Manganese
Several manganese-activated enzymes play crucial roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. Manganese is also involved in the regulation of the pathway of activity in the cardiac mitochondria and possesses cardiac antioxidant properties as well.*

Chromium
An essential trace mineral necessary for the proper use of dietary sugars and other carbohydrates by optimizing the production and effects of insulin.*

Molybdenum
A catalyst in the break down of fats and cholesterol. Molybdenum also functions as a cofactor for three enzymes, which contribute to the antioxidant capacity of the blood. Molybdenum concentration has been linked to healthy vasoconstriction in experimental models.*

Potassium
Potassium is the most abundant cation (positive ion) found inside the cells of the body. It is involved in the regulation of the action potential in cardiac cells. Through this cellular process, potassium promotes healthy muscle contraction and rhythm.*

Boron
Boron is an essential trace element involved in mineral metabolism. Research suggests that supplementation may protect arterial health.*

Vanadium
Vanadium supports healthy energy metabolism in heart cells. This essential trace mineral has also been shown to enhance cardiovascular function. In addition, it helps support to sodium and potassium transport in red blood cells.*

Enzymatic Therapy, Inc. is an FDA-registered Drug Establishment and an AFSII-certified producer of particular organic products.

Supplement Facts Serving Size: Four (4) Tablets Servings Per Container: 25

	Amount Per Serving	Daily Value
Calcium (As CFMSA Chelate)	600 mg	60%
Iron (As CFMSA Chelate)	5 mg	28%
Iodine (From Marine Organic Minerals)	100 mcg	67%
Magnesium (As CFMSA Chelate)	400 mg	100%
Zinc (As CFMSA Chelate)	15 mg	100%
Selenium (As CFMSA Chelate)	75 mcg	107%
Copper (As CFMSA Chelate)	1 mg	50%
Manganese (As CFMSA Chelate)	2 mg	100%
Chromium (As CFMSA Chelate)	100 mcg	83%
Molybdenum (As CFMSA Chelate)	25 mcg	33%
Sodium	10 mg	<1%
Potassium (As CFMSA Chelate)	100 mg	3%
Boron (As CFMSA Chelate)	4 mg	**
Vanadium (As CFMSA Chelate)	50 mcg	**

Chelated with citrate, fumerate, malate, succinate, and alpha ketoglutarate.

** Daily Value Not Established. Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.

Other Ingredients

Cellulose, Magnesium Stearate, Maltodextrin, Modified Cellulose, Modified Cellulose Gum, Silicon Dioxide, Stearic Acid

Suggested Use

As a dietary supplement, four (4) tablets daily, or more as recommended by your healthcare practitioner.

Warnings

If pregnant, nursing, or taking prescription drugs, consult your healthcare practitioner prior to use. ... Keep bottle tightly closed.

Allergen Info

This product contains NO sugar, salt, yeast, wheat, gluten, corn, soy, dairy products, artificial flavoring, preservatives or ingredients of animal origin. All colors used are from natural sources. Color variations are normal.

Applicable Functions

Cell Formation, Cell Vitality, Cellular Recharge, Heart Health, Immune System Support, Mineral Deficiency

Related Structure Groups

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), Cellular Function, Heart, Immune System, Mitochondria

About Enzymatic Therapy

Nature Makes it Pure. Science Makes it Work.

Our People
Enzymatic Therapy sparks with an enthusiasm that comes from knowing we're helping create the best supplement products in the nation.

Our team is made of people who are natural explorers; passionate about the healthful ingredients found in nature but committed to finding the most pure and effective combinations backed by rigorous research.

This buzz doesn't just end at the lab door. Everyone here, from our staff of scientists to our crews running the pharmaceutical-grade machinery to our customer service professionals, shares the exuberance of helping improve the health of America one customer at a time.

Our Reputation
Enzymatic Therapy, Inc. is known as the highest quality provider of therapeutic-dosage natural healthcare products and nutritional supplements in the nation. We strive to be the best for your health.

Our Difference
One thing that sets us apart from the others is the way we make our products. Everything, including raw material evaluation, supplier selection, laboratory analysis and manufacturing standards, is set to conform to the FDA's verified Good Manufacturing Practices, known in the industry as "GMPs."

Our Brands

Quick Tips

Good health doesn't have to be complicated. There are plenty of common-sense steps we can all follow to live better, more active, and fuller lives.

Eat right
We hear this so often it almost loses meaning. Eating right should mean adding things to your diet--more veggies, more fruits, more rich-tasting high-fiber breads and grains. However, it doesn't necessarily mean you have to give up chocolate. After all, there's plenty of beneficial flavonoids in those dark chocolate bars, right? You may just not want to eat chocolate at every meal. Instead of swearing off your favorite (but not healthy) meal forever, try just cutting it down to once or twice a month--make it a treat. As you incorporate more healthy, whole foods into your diet, you'll probably find yourself craving them instead of the bad stuff.

Exercise daily
You don't have to run a marathon or lift your neighbor's house. But, you can start parking a little further away at work each day. Begin taking break time walks, especially if the weather is nice. Dust off that bicycle and see if your friends would like to go for a spin. Almost every town has a dedicated group of folks who do some form of fun exercise. Whatever you do, don't overdo it right off the bat, and choose something you really enjoy. After a couple of weeks, your new exercise regimen will become part of your daily routine, as though it had always been that way.

Strength train your brain
Challenge yourself mentally, and not just by trying to keep up at work. Find a class in your off-hours that teaches something you've always been curious about, but has nothing to do with work. Read a book for fun. Start a board game night with your family. Check out those crossword puzzles. Research in recent years shows that learning new skills and interacting with the world keeps our minds younger much longer. You owe it to yourself to turn off the television and fire up some neurons!

Do something for others
Whether you volunteer for a local environmental group, a food pantry, or your church's annual picnic, people generally feel healthier when their focus is outside of themselves.

Drug Nutrient Interactions

Prescription drug listings are not all-inclusive; the drugs listed below are common examples.

(Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, Penicillins, Quinolones, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines)
Top Drug Categories Interactions
Anti-anxiety
[Buspar^® (buspirone), Ativan^®(lorezepam) - see Benzodiazepines]
Kava - For reasons similar to benzodiazepines, it is recommended to avoid taking kava with buspirone unless otherwise directed by a licensed health care professional.
St. John's Wort, Ginkgo Biloba - Concurrent use of St. John's Wort and buspirone and St. John's Wort and Ginkgo Biloba with buspirone has resulted in mild serotonin syndrome and should be avoided unless directed by a licensed health care professional.
Grapefruit Juice - Concomitant administration of buspirone and grapefruit juice should be avoided as it increased the concentration of buspirone in the blood.
Antibiotics
(General) Vitamin K - The use of cefmetazole sodium has been associated with hypoprothrombinrmia and treated with Vitamin K supplementation.
Antibiotics

Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, and Zinc - May prevent the absorption of tetracycline, ciproflaxin, and other antibiotics.
Antibiotics

Gentamycin and Penicillians Potassium Chloride - Concomitant administration of gentamycin with potassium chloride may lower the absorption of potassium chloride.
Antibiotics

Extended spectrum Macrolides [Biaxin^®(clarithromycin), Zithromax^®(azithromycin), Erythromycin, and Tetracyclines] Antacids - Antacids containing magnesium and aluminum have been shown to interfere with azithromycin absorption. People can avoid this by taking azithromycin two hours before or after any aluminum or magnesium containing products. Studies show the magnesium typically found in supplements affects absorption of azythromycin.
Anti-Diabetic
[Glucophage^®(metaformin), Actos^®, Avandia^®(pioglitazone)] DHEA(Dehydroepiandrosterone) - Metaformin has been shown to increase levels of DHEA in blood.
Antihistamines

[Claratin^®(loratadine), Allegra^®(fexofenadine)]
St. John's Wort - Concomitant use of St. John's Wort can have an effect on plasma levels of fexofenadine.
Fruit Juices - Co-administration of grapefruit, orange, and apple juices decreases the absorption of fexofenadine.
Anti-Psychotics
[Zyprexa^®(olanzapine), Risperdal^®(risperidone)]
Vitamin B₆ and E - Reportedto effectively treat risperidone -related neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Glycine - Glycine in combination with antiphychotic treatment has shown significant effects on the effectiveness of these drugs. While adjunctive glycine treatment has been shown to improve negative symptoms in combination with clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone. Additional studies have shown it to be ineffective in combination with clozapine.
Supplementation with glycine in combination with an antipsychotic should only be done under the supervision of a health care professional.
Anti-Seizure

[Tegretol^®(carbamazepine), Dilantin^®(phenytoin), phenobarbital and Mysoline^®(primidone). Depakene^®(valproic acid) and Depakote^®(divalproex) are also anticonvulsant drugs.] Magnesium, Black Pepper, and Caffeine - Concomitant administration of phenytoin (Dilantin^®) or phenobarbital with magnesium oxide may lower magnesium oxide's absorption. Concomitant administration of Dilantin^® and black pepper and/or long pepper may cause the phenytoin to be absorbed more rapidly and eliminated more slowly. Phenytoin also increases the metabolism and loss of caffeine from the body.
Benzodiazepines
Kava - Due to the similarity of effects, it is usually recommended to avoid taking Kava with Benzodiazepines unless otherwise directed by a licensed health care professional.
St. John's Wort - Concomitant administration of St. John's Wort with alprazolam and should be avoided unless otherwise directed by a licensed health care professional.
Beta-Blockers Potassium - Concomitant use of certain Beta-Blockers may increase potassium levels.
Pepper (Piper Nigrum, Piper Longum) - In single dose human study, piperine, a chemical found in black pepper and long pepper, was reported to increase blood levels of propranolol, which could increase the activity and risks of the drug's side effects.
Antacids - One study showed a reduction in absorption of Sotalol(Betapace^®) when taken concomitantly with an aluminum oxide or magnesium hydroxide antacid. This interaction can be avoided by taking the medication two hours apart.
Magnesium - Magnesium has been effectively used to treat heart arrythmias that have resulted from administration of Sotalol(Betapace^®).
Calcium Channel Blockers Calcium - High level calcium supplementation may reverse the blood pressure-lowering actions of some calcium channel blocker drugs.
Vitamin D - Vitamin D may interfere with the effectiveness of verapamil.
St. John's Wort - A recent study showed that St. John's Wort decreased the bioavailability of R- and S-verapamil.
Fruit Juices - Ingestion of grapefruit, grapefruit juice, and grapefruit products has been shown to increase the adverse effects of calcium channel blockers or similar drugs.
Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing

[Amiloride, Aldactone^®(spironolactone), Dytac^®(triamterene)] Magnesium - Magnesium tends to be preserved.
HIV Antivirals St. John's Wort - St. John's Wort has been shown to speed up the elimination of indinavir which may result in resistance to the drug. St. John's Wort should not be taken concomitantly with HIV Antivirals.
Sho-Saiko-To - This herbal medicine has been shown to enhance the antiviral activity of lamivudine.
Carnitine- Depletion of Carnitine levels may be responsible for muscle and nerve damage in patients on Antiviral therapies. Canitine supplementation is recommended.
Antioxidants- A small study showed a positive effect of antioxidant supplementation on hyperlactatemia (elevated levels of lactate in the systemic circulation) in patients on long-term Antiviral therapy.
N-Aceylt Cysteine- Studies have shown supplementation a NAC during Antiviral therapy may reduce AZT toxicity.
Vitamins E and C- Supplementation with Vitamin E has shown to improve the efficacy of AZT and supplementation with Vitamins E and C may reduce AZT-related cellular damage.
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) Copper - Copper may enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of NSAIDs. Indomethacin may cause sodium and water retention.
Non-Narcotic Pain Relievers
[Imitrex^®(sumitriptan), Ultram^®(tramadol)] St. John's Wort - Potential interactions may occur. Concomitant administration is not advised unless prescribed by a health care professional.
Oral Contraceptives St. John's Wort - Concomitant use of St. John's Wort and oral contraceptives may reduce the effectiveness of the contraceptives and cause breakthrough bleeding.
Serum Iron and Copper - Oral contraceptive use has been associated with an increase in iron and copper levels.
Respiratory Corticosteroids Calcium - Calcium absorption was reduced following administration of oral beclomethasone (inhaler), a respiratory steroid similar to Flonase.
Synthetic Thyroid Iron and Soy - Iron supplements and soy products taken at the same time as thyroid hormone replacement may interfere with absorption. Thyroid hormone absorption is increased when taken on an empty stomach. Thyroid hormones should be taken an hour before eating, at the same time every day.

For support of overall health in any individual, the appropriate comprehensive age- and gender-specific multiple formula, flax oil, and multiple antioxidant formula are recommended. However, for a specific potential deficiency, individuals may add single ingredient supplements to assure repletion. It is important to consider the quality and bioavailability of vitamin and mineral supplements used for these purposes.

Drug Nutrient Interaction Chart References

Anti-anxiety

Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2200-2211. Abstract.
Spinella M, Eaton LA. Hypomania induced by herbal and pha,aceutical psychotropic medicines following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2002 Apr; 16(4):359-67. (see reference SSRIs)
Dannawi M. Possible serotonin syndrom after combination of buspirone and St. John's Wort J Psychopharmacol. 2002 Dec; 16(4):401. No abstract available.
Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Backman JT, et al. Grapefruit juice substantially increases plasma concentrations of buspirone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Dec; 64(6):655-60.

Antibiotics

Breen GA. Hypoprothrombinemia associated with cefmetazole Ann Pharmacother. 1997 Feb 31 (2) :180-4.
Pelton R. LaValle JB. Drugs and Their Effects on Nutrition. In: The Nutritional Cost of Perscription Drugs. 2nd Edition Englewood, CO: Morton Publishing Company; 2004, 34-35.
Horowitz S. Combining supplements and perscription drugs. Altern Complete Ther. 2000.pp.306.
Brinker F. Vitamin/mineral/drug interactions. In:Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Dandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.pp.306
Foulds G, Hilligoss DM, Henery EB, Gerber N. The effects of an antacid or cimetidine on the serum concentrations of azithromycin. J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 31:164-167. Abstract.
Flockhart DA, Desta Z, Mahal SK. Selection of drugs to treat gastro-oesophageal reflux diease: the role of drug interactions. Clin Pharmakinet. 2000 Oct;39 (4):295-309.

Anti-Diabetic

Nestler JE, Beer NA, Jakubowicz DJ, et al. Effects of a reduction in circulating insulin by metformin on serum dehdtorpiandrosterone sulfate in nondiabetic men J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Mar;78(3):549-54.
Crave JC, Fimbel S, Lejeune H, et al. Effects of diet and metformin administration on sex hormone-binding globulin, androgens, and insulin in hirsute and obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Jul; 80(7):2057-62.

AntiHistamines

Izzo AA. Drug interactions with St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the clinical evidence. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Mar; 42(3):139-48.
Wang Z, Hamman MA, Huang SM, et al. Effect of St. John's Wort on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 20002 Jun; 71(6):414-20.
Dresser GK, Bailey DG. The effects of fruit juices on drug disposition: a new model for drug interactions. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003 Nov; 33 Suppl 2:10-6.

Anti-Psychotics

Dursun SM, Oluboka OJ, Devarajan S, Kutcher SP. High-dose vitamin E plus Vitamin B6 treatment of risperidone-related neuroleptic malignant malignant syndrome. J Psychopharmacol. 1998; 12(2):220-1.
Javitt DC, Silipo G, Cienfuegos A, Shelley AM, et al. Adjunctive high-dose glycine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001 Dec; 4(4):385-91.
Heresco-Levy U, Ermilov M, Lichtenberg P, Bar G, Javitt DC. High-dose glycine added to olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Jan 15;55(2):165-71.
Potkin SG, Jin Y, Bunney BG, Costa J, Gulasekaram B. Effect of clozapine and adjunctive high-dose glycine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Jan; 156(1):145-7.

Anti-Seizure

Brinker F, Vitamin/mineral/drug interactions In: Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Dandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.pp. 305.
Herbs Ibid. pp 27-42.

Benzodiazepines

Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2200-2211. Abstract.
Stevinson C, Huntley A, Ernst E. Systemic review of the safety of kava extract in the treatment of anxiety. Drug Saf 2002;25 (4) :251-61.
Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, DeVane CL, et al. Effect of St John's wort on drug metabolism by induction of cytochrome P450 3A enzyme. JAMA. 2003 Sep 17; 290(11):1500-4.

Beta-blockers

Gehr TW, Sica DA. Pharmacotherapy in congestive heart failure: Hyperkalemia in congestive heart failure. Congest Heart Fail. 2001 Mar-Apr; 7(2):97-100.
Rosa RM, Silva P, Young JB, et al. Adrenergic modulation of extrarenal potassium disposal. N Engl J Med. 1980 Feb 21; 302(8):431-4.
Bano G, Raina RK, Zutshi U, et al. Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 41(6):615-7.
Laer S, Neumann J, Scholz H. Interaction between sotalol and an antacid preparation. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Mar; 43(3):269-72.
Sasse M, Paul T, Bergmann P, et al. Sotalol associated torsades de pointes tachycardia in a 15-month-old child: successful therapy with magnesium aspartate. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998 May; 21(5):1164-6.
Forlani S, Moscarelli M, Scafuri A, et al. Combination therapy for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized trial of sotalol and magnesium. Card Electrophysiol Rev. 2003 Jun; 7(2):168-71.

Calcium Channel Blockers

Haft JI, Habbab MA. Treatment of atrial arrhythmias. Effectiveness of verapamil when preceded by calcium infusion. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146:1085-89. Abstract.
Weiss AT, Lewis BS, Halon DA, et al. The use of calcium with verapamil in the management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Int J Cardiol. 1983;4:275-80. Abstract.
Threlkeld DS, ed. Diuretics and Cardiovasculars, Calcium Channel Blocking Agents.In Facts and Comparisons Drug Information St. Louis, MO; Facts and Comparisons, Nov 1992, 150-150b.
Tannergren C, Engman H, Knutson L, et al. St John's wort decreases the bioavailability of R- and S-verapamil through induction of the first-pass metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Apr; 75(4):298-309.
Bailey DG, Dresser GK, Kreeft JH, et al. Grapefruit-felodipine interaction: effect of unprocessed fruit and probable active ingredients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Nov;68(5):468-77.
Baily DG, Arnold MD, Strong HA, Munoz C, Spence JD, et al. Effect of grapefruit juice and maringin on nisoldipine pharmacokinetics. Cli Pharmacol Ther.1993;54:589-94. Abstract

Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing

Devane J, Ryan MP. The effects of amiloride and triameterene on urinary magnesium excretion in conscious saline-loaded rats. Br J Pharmacol 1981;72:285-89

HIV Antivirals

Henderson L, Yue QY, Bergquist C, et al. St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;54(4):349-56. Review.
James JS. St. John's wort warning: do not combine with protease inhibitors, NNRTIs. AIDS Treat News. 2000 Feb 18 ;( No 337):3-5.
Piras G, Makino M, Baba M. Sho-saiko-to, a traditional Kampo medicine, enhances the anti-HIV-1 activity of lamivudine (3TC) in vitro. Microbiol Immunol. 1997; 41(10):835-9.
Moretti S, Famularo G, Marcellini S, et al. L-carnitine reduces lymphocyte apoptosis and oxidant stress in HIV-1-infected subjects treated with zidovudine and didanosine. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2002 Jun;4(3):391-403.
Lopez O, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Edeas M, et al. Could antioxidant supplementation reduce antiretroviral therapy-induced chronic stable hyperlactatemia? Biomed Pharmacother. 2003 May-Jun; 57(3-4):113-6.
Patrick L. Nutrients and HIV: part three - N-acetylcysteine, alpha-lipoic acid, L-glutamine, and L-carnitine. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Aug;5(4):290-305. Review.
Gogu SR, Agrawal KC. The protective role of zinc and N-acetylcysteine in modulating zidovudine induced hematopoietic toxicity. Life Sci. 1996; 59(16):1323-9.
Gogu SR, Beckman BS, Rangan SR, Agrawal KC. Increased therapeutic efficacy of zidovudine in combination with vitamin E. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Nov 30;165(1):401-7
Wang Y, Watson RR. Is vitamin E supplementation a useful agent in AIDS therapy? Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1993 Oct-Dec;17(4):351-75. Review.
de la Asuncion JG, del Olmo ML, Sastre J, et al. AZT treatment induces molecular and ultrastructural oxidative damage to muscle mitochondria. Prevention by antioxidant vitamins. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jul 1; 102(1):4-9.

NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

Sorenson JRJ. Copper chelates as possible active forms of the antiartritic agents. J Medicinal Chem 1976;19:135-48.
Somova L, Zaharieva S, Ivanova M. Humoral factors involved in the regulation of sodium-fluid balance in normal man. II. Effects of indomethacin on sodium concentration, renal prostaglandins, vasopressin and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 1984;10:29-33.

Non-Narcotic Pain Relievers

Brinker F, Vitamin/mineral/drug interactions In: Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Dandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.pp. 183

Oral Contraceptives

Newhouse IJ, Clement DB, Lai C. Effects of iron supplementation and discontinuation on serum copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium levels in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 May; 25(5):562-71.
Milman N, Rosdahl N, Lyhne N, et al. Iron status in Danish women aged 35-65 years. Relation to menstruation and method of contraception. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1993 Nov; 72(8):601-5.
Frassinelli-Gunderson EP, Margen S, Brown JR. Iron stores in users of oral contraceptive agents. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Apr; 41(4):703-12.

Respiratory Corticosteroids

Smith BJ, Phillips PJ, Pannall PR, et al. Effect of orally administered beclomethasone dipropionate on calcium absorption from the gut in normal subjects. Thorax. 1993 Sep; 48(9):890-3.

Synthetic Thyroid

Beard JL, Borel M, Peterson FJ. Changes in iron status during weight loss with very low-energy diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:104-110. Abstract.
Beard JL, Borel MJ, Derr J. Impaired thermoregulation and thyroid function in iron deficiency anemia. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:813-819. Abstract.
Campbell NR, Hasinoff BB. Iron supplements: A comon cause of drug interactions. Brit J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;31:251-255. Abstract.
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