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Enzymatic Therapy

Eskimo-3 Double-Strength 1000 Mg
by Enzymatic Therapy
90 Softgels

Extra Strength, Ultra-Pure Omega-3, Naturally Stable Fish Oil*

Our Price: $17.27
Retail Price: $29.95
You Save: $12.68 each, a 42% Savings!

Eskimo-3 is a purified source of Omega-3 fatty acids. With a quality fish oil supplement, you can get all the benefits of Omega-3 fatty acids from fresh fish, without potential exposure to mercury and other heavy metals. Eskimo-3 is up to 10 times more stable than 4 leading U.S. fish oil products, and has been the subject of more than 120 scientific reports.*

Eskimo-3 fish oil is obtained only from non-endangered species of fish. These Omega-3 fish are harvested from the cold waters of the north Pacific in areas not subjected to over-fishing. Eskimo-3 has a natural ratio of EPA and DHA—other products have artificially concentrated amounts of EPA and DHA, which makes them unstable and can cause them to go rancid.*

Benefits:
• Supports heart, brain, skin, joint and immune health*
• Essential for energy and endurance*

Key Features:
• Shelf stable formula with no fishy taste or smell*
• No chemical modification to boost EPA/DHA levels*

Fish Oil and Heart Support
Since 1980, when Kromann and Green reported low mortality from coronary heart disease in populations that consume large amounts of marine life that is rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fattyacids, much attention has been paid to studies investigating the effect of fish oil consumption on cardiac health.

Eskimo/Inuit populations (people inhabiting Greenland, the Arctic and Hudson Bay coasts of North America, the Labrador coast, Alaska, and the northeastern tip of Asia) have about one tenth the death rate from heart disease of that in many Western countries. This has led to interest in the beneficial effects of fish fatty acids. These fatty acids are abundant in the Inuit diet, the content of which is 20 times higher than in the European and American diet. Among the Inuit, joint and skin diseases are also uncommon. These three groups of diseases are ten times more common among Scandinavians than among Inuits.

How Does It Work?
Key components of lipids required in the body for cell membrane function and integrity, healthy skin, cholesterol metabolism, and prostaglandin production. Fatty acids can be saturated (acetic, butyric, palmitic acids), monounsaturated (oleic acid), or polyunsaturated (linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic acids).

Saturated fatty acids are found primarily in land animal fats. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are found in plants, meats (omega-6) and fatty fish (omega-3).

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are examples of omega-3 fatty acids. EPA is a precursor for the formation of prostaglandins that have beneficial effects on the liver, immune and cardiovascular systems. DHA is also important for the development and maintenance of neural structures such as the retina and brain. An important omega-6 fatty acid is arachidonic acid which is metabolized from linoleic acid, the major omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumed in the U.S.*

The fatty acid composition of the cells varies among different populations. People in Europe and the United States have high levels of omega-6 fatty acids such as arachidonic acid, and low levels of omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA, in their cells. Research has shown that for European and American populations, the arachidonic acid to EPA ratio is approximately 50:1, and heart disease is common. Japanese people have a ratio of approximately 10:1 and demonstrate a lower incidence of heart disease. Greenland Eskimos have a very low incidence of heart disease and their ratio is approximately 1:1. This data indicates that the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio is extremely important to cardiovascular health.*

Saturated fatty acids have a straight structure, but omega-3 fatty acids are curved due to their double bonds. Saturated straight fatty acids are closely packed together in the cell wall, which becomes stiff, while curved fatty acids such as EPA and DHA take up more space. Subsequently, the cell walls of EPA and DHA are more flexible. This flexibility helps support healthy joint function as well as skin and blood vessel elasticity.*

The beneficial effects of a natural stable fish oil on cardiovascular and heart health are due in part to the profile of fatty acids. Eskimo-3 has been shown to significantly increase blood levels of EPA and DHA. Benefits associated with these increases in omega-3 fatty acids include: support for healthy homocysteine levels, retention of healthy cholesterol levels that are already within normal limits, retention of healthy blood pressure, supporting healthy circulation, maintaining healthy lipoprotein levels, and protecting LDL from unfavorable oxidation.*

Homocysteine
Eskimo-3 supplementation has been shown to reduce homocysteine levels. Changes in homocysteine levels in the blood can impact cardiovascular health.*

Blood Pressure
Eskimo-3 supplementation has been shown to support healthy blood pressure that is already within normal limits. The primary mechanism is thought to be that of inhibiting thromboxane, which is a vasoconstrictor. Haglund, et al. showed the effects of Eskimo-3 versus placebo in a clinical trial, which demonstrated superior support for maintaining healthy blood pressure that is already within normal limits.*

Healthy Circulation
Five separate studies on Eskimo-3 showed support for healthy circulation.*

Lipoprotein
Clinical studies show that Eskimo-3 better supports healthy lipoprotein levels than highly purified fish oil (HPFO).*

Cardiovascular Health
In recent studies, intake of Eskimo-3 was found to support cardiovascular health.*

Eskimo-3 in Other Supportive Functions
Eskimo-3 is an antioxidant. It provides support for musculoskeletal and joint health.*

Fish Oil Purity and Stability
Fish oils may naturally contain DHA and EPA, or they may be modified to artificially boost the concentration of DHA and EPA. Recent Norwegian studies have demonstrated that chemically modified fish oils are the least stable against lipid peroxidation (rancidity). An unstable fish oil can cause an increase in malondialdehyde, a marker of free radical formation in the blood and tissues. Free radicals can contribute to less flexible blood vessels (atherosclerosis). Additionally, over-processing of fish oil supplements can result in a loss of key constituents and thus decrease their efficacy.

Eskimo-3 is purified by a proprietary process that preserves the beneficial key constituents of the whole oil. Eskimo-3 has no detectable dioxin (a widely used toxic preservative), DDT (a toxic insecticide), PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls that are highly toxic to aquatic life) or heavy metals, including mercury, lead, cadmium or copper.

Greenpeace Research Laboratories at Exeter University in the United Kingdom commissioned an independent laboratory to analyze twenty-two samples of fish oil. Twenty-one of the samples were found to contain detectable levels of organochlorine pesticides including DDT and PCBs. Reported DDT levels varied from 0 to 148 µg/L. Reported PCB levels varied from 0-1132 µg/L. This demonstrates an enormous variability of contaminant level among fish oil products.

Eskimo-3 has been shown to be free of contaminants. This level of purity for Eskimo-3 is attributed to a proprietary purification technique.
Eskimo-3 is stable against oxidation and is protected by additional natural antioxidants, including mixed tocopherols (vitamin E). This helps prevent rancidity and provides superior taste and efficacy.*

Conclusion
Research has demonstrated the efficacy of marine fish oils and their fatty acid constituents in supporting heart health. Most of the shortcomings and adverse effects observed in previous fish oil studies have not been observed with Eskimo-3 supplementation. Ongoing studies are investigating additional health benefits from dietary supplementation of natural, stable fish oil.*

Enzymatic Therapy, Inc. is an FDA-registered Drug Establishment and an AFSII-certified producer of particular organic products.

Supplement Facts Serving Size: One (1) Softgel Servings Per Container: 90

	Amount Per Serving	Daily Value
Calories	10
Calories From Fat	10
Total Fat	1g	2%
Cholesterol	5mg	2%

EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)	140 mg	108%
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)	87 mg	67%
Fish Oil Eskimo-3 brand Fish Oil provides omega-3 fatty acids including 140-180 mg EPA and 87-120 mg DHA	1 g	**

Eskimo-3 is a registered trademark of Cardinova Aktiebolag and Natural Stable Fish Oil is a registered trademark of Cardinova Aktiebolag.

** Daily Value Not Established. Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.

Other Ingredients

Ascorbyl Palmitate, Gelatin, Lime, Mixed Tocopherols, Natural Rosemary Flavor, Soy Lecithin, Vegetable Glycerin

Suggested Use

As a dietary supplement, one (1) softgel with meals one to three (1-3) times daily, or more as recommended by your healthcare practitioner.

Warnings

If pregnant, nursing, or taking prescription drugs, consult your healthcare practitioner prior to use. ... Keep bottle tightly closed. ... Store at controlled room temperature, 59°–86°F (15°–30°C)

Allergen Info

This product contains NO sugar, salt, yeast, wheat, gluten, corn, dairy products, artificial coloring or artificial flavoring. All colors used are from natural sources. Color variations are normal. ... CONTAINS soy.

Applicable Functions

Endurance, Heart Health, Immune SystemSupport, Joint Comfort, Joint Health, Skin Conditions

Related Structure Groups

Brain, Heart, Immune System, Joints, Skin

About Enzymatic Therapy

Nature Makes it Pure. Science Makes it Work.

Our People
Enzymatic Therapy sparks with an enthusiasm that comes from knowing we're helping create the best supplement products in the nation.

Our team is made up of people who are natural explorers, passionate about the healthful ingredients found in nature, but committed to finding the most pure and effective combinations backed by rigorous research.

This buzz doesn't just end at the lab door. Everyone here, from our staff of scientists to our crews running the pharmaceutical-grade machinery to our customer service professionals, shares the exuberance of helping improve the health of America one customer at a time.

Our Reputation
Enzymatic Therapy, Inc. is known as the highest quality provider of therapeutic-dosage natural healthcare products and nutritional supplements in the nation. We strive to be the best for your health.

Our Difference
One thing that sets us apart from the others is the way we make our products. Everything, including raw material evaluation, supplier selection, laboratory analysis and manufacturing standards, is set to conform to the FDA's verified Good Manufacturing Practices, known in the industry as "GMPs."

Our Brands

Quick Tips

Good health doesn't have to be complicated. There are plenty of common-sense steps we can all follow to live better, more active, and fuller lives.

Eat right
We hear this so often it almost loses meaning. Eating right should mean adding things to your diet--more veggies, more fruits, more rich-tasting high-fiber breads and grains. However, it doesn't necessarily mean you have to give up chocolate. After all, there's plenty of beneficial flavonoids in those dark chocolate bars, right? You may just not want to eat chocolate at every meal. Instead of swearing off your favorite (but not healthy) meal forever, try just cutting it down to once or twice a month--make it a treat. As you incorporate more healthy, whole foods into your diet, you'll probably find yourself craving them instead of the bad stuff.

Exercise daily
You don't have to run a marathon or lift your neighbor's house, but you can start parking a little further away at work each day. Begin taking break time walks, especially if the weather is nice. Dust off that bicycle and see if your friends would like to go for a spin. Almost every town has a dedicated group of folks who do some form of fun exercise. Whatever you do, don't overdo it right off the bat, and choose something you really enjoy. After a couple of weeks, your new exercise regimen will become part of your daily routine, as though it had always been that way.

Strength train your brain
Challenge yourself mentally, and not just by trying to keep up at work. Find a class in your off-hours that teaches something you've always been curious about, but has nothing to do with work. Read a book for fun. Start a board game night with your family. Check out those crossword puzzles. Research in recent years shows that learning new skills and interacting with the world keeps our minds younger much longer. You owe it to yourself to turn off the television and fire up some neurons!

Do something for others
Whether you volunteer for a local environmental group, a food pantry, or your church's annual picnic, people generally feel healthier when their focus is outside of themselves.

Eskimo-3 FAQ

Is Eskimo-3 kosher?
Eskimo-3 contains fish oil, which is a food source that may be utilized when following a kosher diet. It does not contain ingredients from crustaceans, which are NOT permitted in kosher diets.

This product is also in a bovine source gelatin capsule. Because the cattle were slaughtered according to Jewish law (shechitah), the gelatin is kosher. Therefore, the Eskimo-3 is considered kosher.

How much cold-water fish would I have to eat to get the amount of Omega-3 fatty acids in Eskimo-3?
You would need 2-4 servings of salmon or trout per week, or 9-18 servings of halibut, cod, and/or tuna to meet the suggested minimum intake of essential fatty acids.*

Eskimo-3 fish oil is available in softgel and liquid form. Each daily dose of Eskimo-3 provides 1,800 mg of DHA+EPA. Research has show that this amount of Omega-3 fatty acids provides superior health benefits.*

How are the fish used in Eskimo-3 harvested?
Enzymatic Therapy is committed to the sustainability of the planet's resources. Eskimo-3 is obtained only from non-endangered species of cold-water fish harvested from areas not subjected to over-fishing.

Not only are fishing times limited to certain days and certain seasons dictated by federal authorities, but the fish population is closely monitored on a continuous basis. During open fishing seasons, official quotas are established and each fishing vessel is audited. Each vessel must be registered and equipped with a GPS (global positioning system) transmitter to ensure accurate tracking. These measures help ensure that the fish populations stay at sustainable levels.

Drug Nutrient Interactions

Prescription drug listings are not all-inclusive; the drugs listed below are common examples.

Top Drug Categories Interactions
Anti-anxiety
[Buspar (buspirone), Ativan(lorezepam) - see Benzodiazepines]
Kava - For reasons similar to benzodiazepines, it is recommended to avoid taking kava with buspirone unless otherwise directed by a licensed healthcare professional.
St. John's Wort, Ginkgo Biloba - Concurrent use of St. John's Wort and buspirone and St. John's Wort and Ginkgo Biloba with buspirone has resulted in mild serotonin syndrome and should be avoided unless directed by a licensed healthcare professional.
Grapefruit Juice - Concomitant administration of buspirone and grapefruit juice should be avoided as it has increased the concentration of buspirone in the blood.
Antibiotics
(General) Vitamin K - The use of cefmetazole sodium has been associated with hypoprothrombinemia and treated with Vitamin K supplementation.
Antibiotics

(Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, Penicillins, Quinolones, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines) Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, and Zinc - May prevent the absorption of tetracycline, ciproflaxin, and other antibiotics.
Antibiotics

Gentamycin and Penicillians Potassium Chloride - Concomitant administration of gentamycin with potassium chloride may lower the absorption of potassium chloride.
Antibiotics

Extended spectrum Macrolides [Biaxin(clarithromycin), Zithromax (azithromycin), Erythromycin, and Tetracyclines] Antacids - Antacids containing magnesium and aluminum have been shown to interfere with azithromycin absorption. People can avoid this by taking azithromycin two hours before or after any aluminum or magnesium containing products. Studies show that the magnesium typically found in supplements affects absorption of azythromycin.
Anti-Diabetic
[Glucophage(metaformin), Actos, Avandia(pioglitazone)] DHEA(Dehydroepiandrosterone) - Metaformin has been shown to increase levels of DHEA in blood.
Antihistamines

[Claratin(loratadine), Allegra(fexofenadine)]
St. John's Wort - Concomitant use of St. John's Wort can have an effect on plasma levels of fexofenadine.
Fruit Juices - Co-administration of grapefruit, orange, and apple juices decreases the absorption of fexofenadine.
Anti-Psychotics
[Zyprexa(olanzapine), Risperdal(risperidone)]
Vitamin B6 and E - Reported to effectively treat risperidone-related neuroleptic malignant syndrome.*
Glycine - Glycine in combination with anti-psychotic treatment has shown significant results on the effectiveness of these drugs. While adjunctive glycine treatment has been shown to improve negative symptoms in combination with clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone, additional studies have shown it to be ineffective in combination with clozapine.*
Supplementation with glycine in combination with an antipsychotic should only be done under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
Anti-Seizure

[Tegretol (carbamazepine), Dilantin(phenytoin), phenobarbital and Mysoline(primidone). Depakene(valproic acid) and Depakote(divalproex) are also anticonvulsant drugs.] Magnesium, Black Pepper, and Caffeine - Concomitant administration of phenytoin (Dilantin) or phenobarbital with magnesium oxide may lower magnesium oxide's absorption. Concomitant administration of Dilantin and black pepper and/or long pepper may cause the phenytoin to be absorbed more rapidly and eliminated more slowly. Phenytoin also increases the metabolism and loss of caffeine from the body.
Benzodiazepines
Kava - Due to the similarity of effects, it is usually recommended to avoid taking Kava with Benzodiazepines unless otherwise directed by a licensed healthcare professional.
St. John's Wort - Concomitant administration of St. John's Wort with alprazolam and should be avoided unless otherwise directed by a licensed healthcare professional.
Beta-Blockers Potassium - Concomitant use of certain Beta-Blockers may increase potassium levels.
Pepper (Piper Nigrum, Piper Longum) - In single dose human study, piperine, a chemical found in black pepper and long pepper, was reported to increase blood levels of propranolol, which could increase the activity and risks of the drug's side effects.
Antacids - One study showed a reduction in absorption of Sotalol (Betapace) when taken concomitantly with an aluminum oxide or magnesium hydroxide antacid. This interaction can be avoided by taking the medication two hours apart.
Magnesium - Magnesium hasbeen effectively used to treat heart arrythmias that have resulted from administration of Sotalol (Betapace).*
Calcium Channel Blockers Calcium - High level calcium supplementation may reverse the blood pressure-lowering actions of some calcium channel blocker drugs.
Vitamin D - Vitamin D may interfere with the effectiveness of verapamil.
St. John's Wort - A recent study showed that St. John's Wort decreased the bioavailability of R- and S-verapamil.
Fruit Juices - Ingestion of grapefruit, grapefruit juice, and grapefruit products has been shown to increase the adverse effects of calcium channel blockers or similar drugs.
Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing

[Amiloride, Aldactone(spironolactone), Dytac(triamterene)] Magnesium - Magnesium tends to be preserved.
HIV Antivirals St. John's Wort - St. John's Wort has been shown to speed up the elimination of indinavir, which may result in resistance to the drug. St. John's Wort should not be taken concomitantly with HIV Antivirals.
Sho-Saiko-To - This herbal medicine has been shown to enhance the antiviral activity of lamivudine.*
Carnitine - Depletion of Carnitine levels may be responsible for muscle and nerve damage in patients on Antiviral therapies. Carnitine supplementation is recommended.
Antioxidants - A small study showed a positive effect of antioxidant supplementation on hyperlactatemia (elevated levels of lactate in the systemic circulation) in patients on long-term Antiviral therapy.*
N-Acetyl Cysteine - Studies have shown that supplementation with NAC during Antiviral therapy may reduce AZT toxicity.*
Vitamins E and C - Supplementation with Vitamin E has shown to improve the efficacy of AZT and supplementation with Vitamins E and C may reduce AZT-related cellular damage.*
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) Copper - Copper may enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of NSAIDs. Indomethacin may cause sodium and water retention.*
Non-Narcotic Pain Relievers
[Imitrex(sumitriptan), Ultram(tramadol)] St. John's Wort- Potential interactions may occur. Concomitant administration is not advised unless prescribed by a healthcare professional.
Oral Contraceptives St. John's Wort - Concomitant use of St. John's Wort and oral contraceptives may reduce the effectiveness of contraceptives and cause breakthrough bleeding.
Serum Iron and Copper - Oral contraceptive use has been associated with an increase in iron and copper levels.
Respiratory Corticosteroids Calcium - Calcium absorption was reduced following administration of oral beclomethasone (inhaler), a respiratory steroid similar to Flonase.
Synthetic Thyroid Iron and Soy - Iron supplements and soy products taken at the same time as thyroid hormone replacement may interfere with absorption. Thyroid hormone absorption is increased when taken on an empty stomach. Thyroid hormones should be taken an hour before eating, at the same time every day.

For support of overall health in any individual, the appropriate comprehensive age- and gender-specific multiple formula, flax oil, and multiple antioxidant formula are recommended. However, for a specific potential deficiency, individuals may add single ingredient supplements to assure repletion. It is important to consider the quality and bioavailability of vitamin and mineral supplements used for these purposes.*

Drug Nutrient Interaction Chart References

Anti-anxiety

Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2200-2211. Abstract.
Spinella M, Eaton LA. Hypomania induced by herbal and pharmaceutical psychotropic medicines following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2002 Apr; 16(4):359-67. (see reference SSRIs)
Dannawi M. Possible serotonin syndrome after combination of buspirone and St. John's Wort J Psychopharmacol. 2002 Dec; 16(4):401. No abstract available.
Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Backman JT, et al. Grapefruit juice substantially increases plasma concentrations of buspirone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Dec; 64(6):655-60.

Antibiotics

Breen GA. Hypoprothrombinemia associated with cefmetazole Ann Pharmacother. 1997 Feb 31 (2) :180-4.
Pelton R. LaValle JB. Drugs and Their Effects on Nutrition. In: The Nutritional Cost of Prescription Drugs. 2nd Edition Englewood, CO: Morton Publishing Company; 2004, 34-35.
Horowitz S. Combining supplements and prescription drugs. Altern Complete Ther. 2000.pp.306.
Brinker F. Vitamin/mineral/drug interactions. In:Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Dandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.pp.306
Foulds G, Hilligoss DM, Henery EB, Gerber N. The effects of an antacid or cimetidine on the serum concentrations of azithromycin. J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 31:164-167. Abstract.
Flockhart DA, Desta Z, Mahal SK. Selection of drugs to treat gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: the role of drug interactions. Clin Pharmakinet. 2000 Oct;39 (4):295-309.

Anti-Diabetic

Nestler JE, Beer NA, Jakubowicz DJ, et al. Effects of a reduction in circulating insulin by metformin on serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in nondiabetic men J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Mar;78(3):549-54.
Crave JC, Fimbel S, Lejeune H, et al. Effects of diet and metformin administration on sex hormone-binding globulin, androgens, and insulin in hirsute and obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Jul; 80(7):2057-62.

Antihistamines

Izzo AA. Drug interactions with St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the clinical evidence. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Mar; 42(3):139-48.
Wang Z, Hamman MA, Huang SM, et al. Effect of St. John's Wort on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 20002 Jun; 71(6):414-20.
Dresser GK, Bailey DG. The effects of fruit juices on drug disposition: a new model for drug interactions. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003 Nov; 33 Suppl 2:10-6.

Anti-Psychotics

Dursun SM, Oluboka OJ, Devarajan S, Kutcher SP. High-dose vitamin E plus Vitamin B6 treatment of risperidone-related neuroleptic malignant malignant syndrome. J Psychopharmacol. 1998; 12(2):220-1.
Javitt DC, Silipo G, Cienfuegos A, Shelley AM, et al. Adjunctive high-dose glycine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001 Dec; 4(4):385-91.
Heresco-Levy U, Ermilov M, Lichtenberg P, Bar G, Javitt DC. High-dose glycine added to olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Jan 15;55(2):165-71.
Potkin SG, Jin Y, Bunney BG, Costa J, Gulasekaram B. Effect of clozapine and adjunctive high-dose glycine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Jan; 156(1):145-7.

Anti-Seizure

Brinker F, Vitamin/mineral/drug interactions In: Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Dandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.pp. 305.
Herbs Ibid. pp 27-42.

Benzodiazepines

Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2200-2211. Abstract.
Stevinson C, Huntley A, Ernst E. Systemic review of the safety of kava extract in the treatment of anxiety. Drug Saf 2002;25 (4) :251-61.
Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, DeVane CL, et al. Effect of St John's wort on drug metabolism by induction of cytochrome P450 3A enzyme. JAMA. 2003 Sep 17; 290(11):1500-4.

Beta-blockers

Gehr TW, Sica DA. Pharmacotherapy in congestive heart failure: Hyperkalemia in congestive heart failure. Congest Heart Fail. 2001 Mar-Apr; 7(2):97-100.
Rosa RM, Silva P, Young JB, et al. Adrenergic modulation of extrarenal potassium disposal. N Engl J Med. 1980 Feb 21; 302(8):431-4.
Bano G, Raina RK, Zutshi U, et al. Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 41(6):615-7.
Laer S, Neumann J, Scholz H. Interaction between sotalol and an antacid preparation. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Mar; 43(3):269-72.
Sasse M, Paul T, Bergmann P, et al. Sotalol associated torsades de pointes tachycardia in a 15-month-old child: successful therapy with magnesium aspartate. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998 May; 21(5):1164-6.
Forlani S, Moscarelli M, Scafuri A, et al. Combination therapy for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized trial of sotalol and magnesium. Card Electrophysiol Rev. 2003 Jun; 7(2):168-71.

Calcium Channel Blockers

Haft JI, Habbab MA. Treatment of atrial arrhythmias. Effectiveness of verapamil when preceded by calcium infusion. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146:1085-89. Abstract.
Weiss AT, Lewis BS, Halon DA, et al. The use of calcium with verapamil in the management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Int J Cardiol. 1983;4:275-80. Abstract.
Threlkeld DS, ed. Diuretics and Cardiovasculars, Calcium Channel Blocking Agents.In Facts and Comparisons Drug Information St. Louis, MO; Facts and Comparisons, Nov 1992, 150-150b.
Tannergren C, Engman H, Knutson L, et al. St John's wort decreases the bioavailability of R- and S-verapamil through induction of the first-pass metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Apr; 75(4):298-309.
Bailey DG, Dresser GK, Kreeft JH, et al. Grapefruit-felodipine interaction: effect of unprocessed fruit and probable active ingredients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Nov;68(5):468-77.
Baily DG, Arnold MD, Strong HA, Munoz C, Spence JD, et al. Effect of grapefruit juice and maringin on nisoldipine pharmacokinetics. Cli Pharmacol Ther.1993;54:589-94. Abstract

Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing

Devane J, Ryan MP. The effects of amiloride and triameterene on urinary magnesium excretion in conscious saline-loaded rats. Br J Pharmacol 1981;72:285-89

HIV Antivirals

Henderson L, Yue QY, Bergquist C, et al. St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;54(4):349-56. Review.
James JS. St. John's wort warning: do not combine with protease inhibitors, NNRTIs. AIDS Treat News. 2000 Feb 18 ;( No 337):3-5.
Piras G, Makino M, Baba M. Sho-saiko-to, a traditional Kampo medicine, enhances the anti-HIV-1 activity of lamivudine (3TC) in vitro. Microbiol Immunol. 1997; 41(10):835-9.
Moretti S, Famularo G, Marcellini S, et al. L-carnitine reduces lymphocyte apoptosis and oxidant stress in HIV-1-infected subjects treated with zidovudine and didanosine. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2002 Jun;4(3):391-403.
Lopez O, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Edeas M, et al. Could antioxidant supplementation reduce antiretroviral therapy-induced chronic stable hyperlactatemia? Biomed Pharmacother. 2003 May-Jun; 57(3-4):113-6.
Patrick L. Nutrients and HIV: part three - N-acetylcysteine, alpha-lipoic acid, L-glutamine, and L-carnitine. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Aug;5(4):290-305. Review.
Gogu SR, Agrawal KC. The protective role of zinc and N-acetylcysteine in modulating zidovudine induced hematopoietic toxicity. Life Sci. 1996; 59(16):1323-9.
Gogu SR, Beckman BS, Rangan SR, Agrawal KC. Increased therapeutic efficacy of zidovudine in combination with vitamin E. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Nov 30;165(1):401-7
Wang Y, Watson RR. Is vitamin E supplementation a useful agent in AIDS therapy? Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1993 Oct-Dec;17(4):351-75. Review.
de la Asuncion JG, del Olmo ML, Sastre J, et al. AZT treatment induces molecular and ultrastructural oxidative damage to muscle mitochondria. Prevention by antioxidant vitamins. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jul 1; 102(1):4-9.

NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

Sorenson JRJ. Copper chelates as possible active forms of the antiarthritic agents. J Medicinal Chem 1976;19:135-48.
Somova L, Zaharieva S, Ivanova M. Humoral factors involved in the regulation of sodium-fluid balance in normal man. II. Effects of indomethacin on sodium concentration, renal prostaglandins, vasopressin and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 1984;10:29-33.

Non-Narcotic Pain Relievers

Brinker F, Vitamin/mineral/drug interactions In: Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Dandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.pp. 183

Oral Contraceptives

Newhouse IJ, Clement DB, Lai C. Effects of iron supplementation and discontinuation on serum copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium levels in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 May; 25(5):562-71.
Milman N, Rosdahl N, Lyhne N, et al. Iron status in Danish women aged 35-65 years. Relation to menstruation and method of contraception. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1993 Nov; 72(8):601-5.
Frassinelli-Gunderson EP, Margen S, Brown JR. Iron stores in users of oral contraceptive agents. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Apr; 41(4):703-12.

Respiratory Corticosteroids

Smith BJ, Phillips PJ, Pannall PR, et al. Effect of orally administered beclomethasone dipropionate on calcium absorption from the gut in normal subjects. Thorax. 1993 Sep; 48(9):890-3.

Synthetic Thyroid

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Additional References

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