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Acidophilus Pearls
Acidophilus Pearls
by Enzymatic Therapy
90 Capsules

Guaranteed Active Cultures For Better Digestion*

Our Price: $21.59
Retail Price: $39.95
You Save: $18.36 each, a 46% Savings!
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SKU: ET04299

Acidophilus Pearls is a probiotic dietary supplement designed to help support digestion and a healthy intestinal system. Get the goodness of yogurt without the calories and sugar. Acidophilus Pearls features the two most studied forms of beneficial bacteria, sealed in a tiny, easy-to-swallow capsule. The active cultures in each Pearl are protected on the shelf, survive harmful stomach acids, and arrive alive to thrive in the intestines. For relief from occasional gas, loose stools, constipation, or a sensitive stomach, get the goodness of yogurt protected in a pearl.*

Benefits
• Increases beneficial bacteria in the lower intestine by up to 600%.*
• Delivers 900% more active cultures to the intestines compared to competing probiotics.*

Key Features
• The benefits of yogurt without the calories or sugar.
• Supports intestinal health; great for every day and perfect when you travel.*

How Does It Work?
Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum are live microbial food supplements that are non-toxic and do not cause disease (non-pathogenic). Probiotics do not permanently colonize in the body. Therefore, they need to be ingested regularly for their health-promoting effects to persist. After ingestion, probiotics must adhere to the wall of the intestine. Once attached to the intestinal wall, the bacteria are capable of multiplying and colonizing in the gut, thereby enhancing the immune response.*

Oral probiotics help support the composition and metabolic activities of the large intestine microflora. Microflora of the large intestine assist digestion through fermentation (making the intestines inhospitable to invading species), protection against pathogenic bacteria, and stimulation of the development of certain components of the immune system. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum occupy a central role in the gut ecology, which enables them to influence the composition of the microflora to provide health benefits.

Breakdown of Lactose
Lactose is an important sugar that is converted to lactic acid by lactic acid-producing bacteria (such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum). Lactose intolerance results from an inability to digest lactose. Lactose intolerance may be due to genetics, age related declines in intestinal lactase (the enzyme that metabolizes lactose), or other reasons. Lactase deficient people accumulate non-absorbed lactose in the gastrointestinal tract, which draws water and electrolytes into the gut and accelerates transit time, which can lead to diarrhea. Lactic acid bacteria can help metabolize the non-absorbed lactose in the gastrointestinal tract.*

In a randomized, controlled clinical trial, Bifidobacterium longum was shown to support the breakdown of lactose and reduce the symptoms of lactose intolerance (flatulence) in people with lactose intolerance.*

Immune System Support
While normal microflora is associated with good health, changes in intestinal health are associated with altered immune function. A well-functioning gastrointestinal immune system mediates immune responsiveness at mucosal sites and throughout the entire body via the control of the quality and quantity of foreign substances gaining access to the immune system.*

Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum have been shown to possess immunoprotective/immunomodulatory properties. These benefits include modulation of: cytokine and various interleukin production, autoimmunity, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, lymphocyte proliferation, and antibody production.*

In an open, randomized, controlled trial, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum were supportive of colon health in older adults. In addition, B cell (important antibody producing immune cells) levels increased as compared with the untreated group. The probiotics were very well tolerated, with no significant side effects or variations in clinical chemistry or hematologic parameters.*

Decrease Occasional Constipation
Constipation is defined as infrequent or difficult defecation that can result from decreased motility of the intestines. It is a common problem, particularly in older adults. When the feces remain in the large intestine for prolonged periods, there is excessive water absorption, making the feces dry and hard.

Insufficient amounts of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum may play a role in delayed bowel movement, which can favor the activity of undesirable putrefactive bacteria (bacteria that break down organic matter into potentially harmful compounds) in the intestines. Lactic acid bacteria contribute to the re-establishment of healthy intestinal flora (at the expense of pathogen growth) and stimulation of intestinal peristalsis via lactic acid.*

Support of Putrefactive Processes
When unbalanced conditions are present in the intestines (ie, unbalanced diet, high acidity, and/or low levels of lactic acid bacteria), organic matter may be putrified (decomposed or rotting) by certain bacteria and produce harmful substances such as ammonia.*

Microflora of the large intestine promote homeostasis (balance) in both the intestine and the vagina. These activities are carried out via support of direct production of antibodies, competition with adhesion to intestinal cells, or indirect modulation of the immune system.*

Support Digestion
Normal microflora of the large intestine help support and complete digestion via fermentation. The risk of diarrhea, for example, increases when the capacity of colonic microflora to ferment carbohydrates decreases. Oral ingestion of probiotics produces a stabilizing effect on the gut flora.*

Additional Benefits
The benefits of probiotics extend beyond digestion support and immune support. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum also help support the better utilization and bioavailability of nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.*

Candida albicans is a fungus that is a naturally occurring component of the normal gastrointestinal microflora. However, C. albicans should be maintained at healthy levels. Probiotics have been shown to help retain healthy levels of C. albicans that are already within normal limits.*

True Delivery Technology
Recently, our Enzymatic Therapy laboratory tested four leading probiotic nutritional supplements in the marketplace. These supplements were best selling brands, two of the supplements were enteric coated, and all had label guarantees about potency (guaranteed number of live bacteria). The laboratory scientists counted the levels of living bacteria found and compared these findings to the bacterial levels claimed by each manufacturer. The products were also subjected to a simulation of stomach acid conditions, after which the levels of living bacteria were re-counted.*

The laboratory results found the probiotic supplements contained less than 50% of the number of living bacteria that they claimed on their labels. Furthermore, the laboratory results found that only 10% of the living bacteria claimed on the manufacturer's label survived the simulated stomach conditions.*

Acidophilus Pearls uses a revolutionary proprietary “pearl” encapsulating process called True Delivery Technology. The True Delivery Technology is a special type of natural coating that protects the probiotic bacteria.*

The True Delivery is a seamless “pearl”, which consists of three layers. The inner layer is a paste of probiotic bacteria suspended in a protective oil suspension. The second layer actually “seals” the bacteria in the capsule, which protects them from air, moisture, and the effects of heat. Probiotic bacteria are anaerobic organisms (grow in the absence of oxygen) and the presence of oxygen can actually injure or kill them.*

Because probiotic bacteria are injured or destroyed by the acids of the stomach, the third, outermost layer of the pearl is specially developed to only dissolve in the alkaline environment of the intestines. This patented gelatin pearl protects the probiotic bacteria from the acid environment of the stomach, so that they can successfully reach the intestine.*

The patented seamless pearl capsule of Acidophilus Pearls assures that virtually all the bacteria remain uninjured and healthy to colonize in the intestine. In addition, the special pearl capsule's ability to seal the bacteria inside it eliminates the need for the nutritional supplement to be refrigerated – though they can be kept in the refrigerator, if desired.*

Enzymatic Therapy, Inc. is an FDA-registered Drug Establishment and an AFSII-certified producer of particular organic products.



   

Supplement Facts

Serving Size: One (1) Capsule
Servings Per Container: 90
 Amount
Per Serving
Daily
Value
A Proprietary
Probiotic Blend
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum
1 Billion CFU's ** 
** Daily Value Not Established. Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Other Ingredients
Gelatin, Palm Kernel Oil, Pectin, Soy Lecithin, Vegetable Glycerin
Suggested Use
As a dietary supplement, one (1) capsule daily, with water or your favorite beverage (with or without food), or more as directed by your healthcare practitioner. Do not chew or crush capsule.
Warnings
If pregnant, nursing, or taking prescription drugs, consult your healthcare practitioner prior to use. ... Store at controlled room temperature, 59° to 86°F (15°-30°C). May refrigerate if desired. ... This product has a tamper-evident foil pouch. Do not use if foil or pouch is punctured.
Allergen Info
This product contains NO sugar, salt, yeast, wheat, gluten, corn, dairy products, artificial coloring, artificial flavoring or preservatives. This product contains natural ingredients; color variations are normal. ... CONTAINS soy.



Applicable Functions
Constipation, Digestive Balance, Gas Pain, Gastric Soothing, Gastrointestinal Vitality, Intestinal Distress
Related Structure Groups
Digestive System, GI Tract, Intestine, Stomach
About Enzymatic Therapy

Nature Makes it Pure. Science Makes it Work.


Our People
Enzymatic Therapy sparks with an enthusiasm that comes from knowing we're helping create the best supplement products in the nation.

Our team is made of people who are natural explorers; passionate about the healthful ingredients found in nature but committed to finding the most pure and effective combinations backed by rigorous research.

This buzz doesn't just end at the lab door. Everyone here, from our staff of scientists to our crews running the pharmaceutical-grade machinery to our customer service professionals, shares the exuberance of helping improve the health of America one customer at a time.

Our Reputation
Enzymatic Therapy, Inc. is known as the highest quality provider of therapeutic-dosage natural healthcare products and nutritional supplements in the nation. We strive to be the best for your health.

Our Difference
One thing that sets us apart from the others is the way we make our products. Everything, including raw material evaluation, supplier selection, laboratory analysis and manufacturing standards, is set to conform to the FDA's verified Good Manufacturing Practices, known in the industry as "GMPs."

 Our Brands

Quick Tips

Good health doesn't have to be complicated. There are plenty of common-sense steps we can all follow to live better, more active, and fuller lives.

Eat right
We hear this so often it almost loses meaning. Eating right should mean adding things to your diet--more veggies, more fruits, more rich-tasting high-fiber breads and grains. However, it doesn't necessarily mean you have to give up chocolate. After all, there's plenty of beneficial flavonoids in those dark chocolate bars, right? You may just not want to eat chocolate at every meal. Instead of swearing off your favorite (but not healthy) meal forever, try just cutting it down to once or twice a month--make it a treat. As you incorporate more healthy, whole foods into your diet, you'll probably find yourself craving them instead of the bad stuff.

Exercise daily
You don't have to run a marathon or lift your neighbor's house. But, you can start parking a little further away at work each day. Begin taking break time walks, especially if the weather is nice. Dust off that bicycle and see if your friends would like to go for a spin. Almost every town has a dedicated group of folks who do some form of fun exercise. Whatever you do, don't overdo it right off the bat, and choose something you really enjoy. After a couple of weeks, your new exercise regimen will become part of your daily routine, as though it had always been that way.

Strength train your brain
Challenge yourself mentally, and not just by trying to keep up at work. Find a class in your off-hours that teaches something you've always been curious about, but has nothing to do with work. Read a book for fun. Start a board game night with your family. Check out those crossword puzzles. Research in recent years shows that learning new skills and interacting with the world keeps our minds younger much longer. You owe it to yourself to turn off the television and fire up some neurons!

Do something for others
Whether you volunteer for a local environmental group, a food pantry, or your church's annual picnic, people generally feel healthier when their focus is outside of themselves.

Drug Nutrient Interactions

Prescription drug listings are not all-inclusive; the drugs listed below are common examples.

Top Drug CategoriesInteractions
Anti-anxiety  
[Buspar® (buspirone), Ativan®(lorezepam) - see Benzodiazepines]

Kava - For reasons similar to benzodiazepines, it is recommended to avoid taking kava with buspirone unless otherwise directed by a licensed health care professional.
St. John's Wort, Ginkgo Biloba - Concurrent use of St. John's Wort and buspirone and St. John's Wort and Ginkgo Biloba with buspirone  has resulted in mild serotonin syndrome and should be avoided unless directed by a licensed health care professional.
Grapefruit Juice - Concomitant administration of buspirone and grapefruit juice should be avoided as it increased the concentration of buspirone in the blood.

Antibiotics
(General)
Vitamin K - The use of cefmetazole sodium has been associated with hypoprothrombinrmia and treated with Vitamin K supplementation.
Antibiotics
 
(Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, Penicillins, Quinolones, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines)Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, and Zinc - May prevent the absorption of tetracycline, ciproflaxin, and other antibiotics.
Antibiotics 
 
Gentamycin and PenicilliansPotassium Chloride - Concomitant administration of gentamycin with potassium chloride may lower the absorption of potassium chloride.
Antibiotics 
 
Extended spectrum Macrolides [Biaxin®(clarithromycin), Zithromax®(azithromycin), Erythromycin, and Tetracyclines]Antacids - Antacids containing magnesium and aluminum have been shown to interfere with azithromycin absorption. People can avoid this by takingazithromycin two hours before or after any aluminum or magnesium containing products. Studies show the magnesium typically found in supplements affects absorption of azythromycin.
Anti-Diabetic 
[Glucophage®(metaformin), Actos®, Avandia®(pioglitazone)]DHEA(Dehydroepiandrosterone) - Metaformin has been shown to increase levels of DHEA in blood.
Antihistamines 
 
[Claratin®(loratadine), Allegra®(fexofenadine)]

St. John's Wort - Concomitant use of St. John's Wort can have an effect on plasma levels of fexofenadine.

Fruit Juices - Co-administration of grapefruit, orange, and apple juices decreases the absorption of fexofenadine.

Anti-Psychotics 
[Zyprexa®(olanzapine), Risperdal®(risperidone)]

Vitamin B6 and E - Reported to effectively treat risperidone -related neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

Glycine - Glycine in combination with antiphychotic treatment has shown significant effects on the effectiveness of these drugs. While adjunctive glycine treatment has been shown to improve negative symptoms in combination with clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone. Additional studies have shown it to be ineffective in combination with clozapine.

Supplementation with glycine in combination with an antipsychotic should only be done under the supervision of a health care professional.

Anti-Seizure 
 
 [Tegretol®(carbamazepine), Dilantin®(phenytoin), phenobarbital and Mysoline®(primidone). Depakene®(valproic acid) and Depakote®(divalproex) are also anticonvulsant drugs.]Magnesium, Black Pepper, and Caffeine - Concomitant administration of phenytoin (Dilantin®) or phenobarbital with magnesium oxide may lower magnesium oxide's absorption. Concomitant administration of Dilantin® and blackpepper and/or long pepper may cause the phenytoin to be absorbed more rapidly and eliminated more slowly. Phenytoin also increases the metabolism and loss of caffeine from the body.
Benzodiazepines
Kava - Due to the similarity of effects, it is usually recommended to avoid taking Kava with Benzodiazepines unless otherwise directed by a licensed health care professional.
St. John's Wort - Concomitant administration of St. John's Wort with alprazolam and should be avoided unless otherwise directed by a licensed health care professional.
Beta-BlockersPotassium - Concomitant use of certain Beta-Blockers may increase potassium levels.
Pepper (Piper Nigrum, Piper Longum) - In single dose human study, piperine, a chemical found in black pepper and long pepper, was reported to increase blood levels of propranolol, which could increase the activity and risks of the drug's side effects.
Antacids - One study showed a reduction in absorption of Sotalol(Betapace®) when taken concomitantly with an aluminum oxide or magnesium hydroxide antacid. This interaction can be avoided by taking the medication two hours apart.
Magnesium - Magnesium has been effectively used to treat heart arrythmias that have resulted from administration of Sotalol(Betapace®).
Calcium Channel BlockersCalcium - High level calcium supplementation may reverse the blood pressure-lowering actions of some calcium channel blocker drugs.
Vitamin D - Vitamin D may interfere with the effectiveness of verapamil.
St. John's Wort - A recent study showed that St. John's Wort decreased the bioavailability of R- and S-verapamil.
Fruit Juices - Ingestion of grapefruit, grapefruit juice, and grapefruit products has been shown to increase the adverse effects of calcium channel blockers or similar drugs.
Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing 
 
[Amiloride, Aldactone®(spironolactone), Dytac®(triamterene)]Magnesium - Magnesium tends to be preserved.
HIV AntiviralsSt. John's Wort - St. John's Wort has been shown to speed up the elimination of indinavir which may result in resistance to the drug. St. John's Wort should not be taken concomitantly with HIV Antivirals.
Sho-Saiko-To - This herbal medicine has been shown to enhance the antiviral activity of lamivudine.
Carnitine- Depletion of Carnitine levels may be responsible for muscle and nerve damage in patients on Antiviral therapies. Canitine supplementation is recommended.
Antioxidants- A small study showed a positive effect of antioxidant supplementation on hyperlactatemia (elevated levels of lactate in the systemic circulation) in patients on long-term Antiviral therapy.
N-Aceylt Cysteine- Studies have shown supplementation a NAC during Antiviral therapy may reduce AZT toxicity.
Vitamins E and C- Supplementation with Vitamin E has shown to improve  the efficacy of AZT and  supplementation with Vitamins E and C may reduce AZT-related cellular damage. 
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)Copper - Copper may enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of NSAIDs. Indomethacin may cause sodium and water retention.
Non-Narcotic Pain Relievers 
[Imitrex®(sumitriptan), Ultram®(tramadol)]St. John's Wort - Potential interactions may occur. Concomitant administration is not advised unless prescribed by a health care professional.
Oral ContraceptivesSt. John's Wort - Concomitant use of St. John's Wort and oral contraceptives may reduce the effectiveness of the contraceptives and cause breakthrough bleeding.
Serum Iron and Copper - Oral contraceptive use has been associated with an increase in iron and copper levels.
Respiratory CorticosteroidsCalcium - Calcium absorption was reduced following administration of oral beclomethasone (inhaler), a respiratory steroid similar to Flonase®.
Synthetic ThyroidIron and Soy - Iron supplements and soy products taken at the same time as thyroid hormone replacement may interfere with absorption. Thyroid hormone absorption is increased when taken on an empty stomach. Thyroid hormones should be taken an hour before eating, at the same time every day.

For support of overall health in any individual, the appropriate comprehensive age- and gender-specific multiple formula, flax oil, and multiple antioxidant formula are recommended. However, for a specific potential deficiency, individuals may add single ingredient supplements to assure repletion. It is important to consider the quality and bioavailability of vitamin and mineral supplements used for these purposes.

Acidophilus Pearls FAQ
What is True Delivery Technology? Doesn’t enteric coating provide enough protection for probiotics?
The term enteric means "related to the intestines." Enteric coatings are meant to keep the tablet from releasing the key ingredients until it enters the intestinal tract. Enteric coating is often used with ingredients that could irritate the stomach lining, such as garlic or volatile oils. While enteric coating works well for this application, it does not necessarily provide the optimal protection for delicate ingredients such as probiotics. While enteric coating keeps the ingredients in, it does not necessarily keep stomach acid out. Additionally, the process of enteric coating requires high temperatures, which can also damage the fragile bacteria.

Acidophilus Pearls' active cultures uses a revolutionary three layered "pearl" encapsulating process called True Delivery Technology. The innermost layer of each pearl contains a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum suspended in a protective oil mixture. The second layer seals the healthy bacteria in the capsule and protects them from air and moisture. The third, outermost layer is specially developed to dissolve only in the alkaline environment of the intestine where the beneficial bacteria are released live and intact.

Scientific studies have found this triple layer protects probiotic bacteria much more effectively than the single coat used on most supplements. In fact, comparison testing has found that the Acidophilus Pearls deliver up to 900% more beneficial bacteria to the intestines in comparison to other probiotic products – even those that use traditional enteric coatings.*

Why does Acidophilus Pearls active cultures contain only two strains of probiotics?
Probiotics are the natural, live microbial supplements that are known to be beneficial in maintaining intestinal balance. The organisms in Acidophilus Pearls' Lactobacillus acidophilus (which means "acid-loving, lactic acid-producing bacterium" in Latin) and Bifidobacterium longum, have the most research and clinical study of all the probiotics. Over 75 years of published research has shown that lactic acid-producing bacteria in general, and L. acidophilus and B. longum in particular, are the most effective in maintaining a healthy balance of intestinal flora.* While Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and other strains are often found in probiotic supplements, the research behind these organisms is not as strong.

Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum turn lactose (milk sugar) into lactic acid, lowering the pH of the colon and helping to promote healthy microflora growth. They also speed the breakdown of organic waste fragments, important for healthy bowel movements. L. acidophilus and B. longum combine with harmful compounds, including toxins, cholesterol, heavy metals, and bile acids, preventing them from being reabsorbed and eliminating them from the body as solid waste. Due to the proven superiority of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum, there is no need to include other bacterial strains in Acidophilus Pearls.

Why does Acidophilus Pearls active cultures contain only 1 billion bacteria? Some other probiotic supplements contain several billion.
General recommendations for probiotic bacteria are to take 1 billion daily. Other products need to use many times this amount because they lack a protective delivery system for the bacteria. In order to have even a few survive shelf-life and transit through the stomach they must start with many billions of bacteria. However, because Acidophilus Pearls uses a patented delivery system, which protects the bacteria until they arrive in the intestines – and studies show over a 90% survival rate – you get the dosage you need from one capsule. It isn’t necessary to take many billions of bacteria hoping that some will make it to where they are needed. Acidophilus Pearls guarantees delivery of live bacteria and has been shown to increase the beneficial bacteria in the intestines by 600%.*

Where do the bacteria in Acidophilus Pearls active cultures come from?
The Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum are harvested via a highly controlled fermentation process, then purified, grown to large numbers, and concentrated to high doses. The exact substance on which they are grown is proprietary. A great deal of effort goes into the research to find the optimal blend of nutrients yielding the strongest and healthiest bacteria. In order to keep this research from being duplicated by other companies, we do not disclose the exact nutrient base on which the bacteria are grown.

Why would I take Acidophilus Pearls instead of yogurt?
Acidophilus Pearls provides all the goodness of yogurt without the sugar, fat, calories or lactose. This product offers a beneficial alternative for individuals who are sensitive to dairy and a convenient way to obtain powerful probiotics, anytime and anywhere. Acidophilus Pearls requires no refrigeration, no spoon, and no hassle.

In addition, there is some question about the actual probiotic count found in yogurt products. The National Yogurt Association (NYA) has established criteria for products that carry the Live & Active Culture seal. While the probiotic count is set at the time of manufacture, the "time" has not been well defined (i.e., Before or after fermentation?, Before or after packaging?). Either process may require high temperatures and potentially damage the fragile probiotic bacteria.

Acidophilus Pearls, on the other hand, is guaranteed to deliver 1 billion beneficial probiotic bacteria to the intestines throughout product shelf-life.*

Drug Nutrient Interaction Chart References
Anti-anxiety
  1. Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2200-2211. Abstract.
  2. Spinella M, Eaton LA. Hypomania induced by herbal and pha,aceutical psychotropic  medicines following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2002 Apr; 16(4):359-67. (see reference SSRIs)
  3. Dannawi M. Possible serotonin syndrom after combination of buspirone and St. John's Wort J Psychopharmacol. 2002 Dec; 16(4):401. No abstract available.
  4. Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Backman JT, et al. Grapefruit juice substantially increases plasma concentrations of buspirone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Dec; 64(6):655-60.
Antibiotics
  1. Breen GA. Hypoprothrombinemia associated with cefmetazole Ann Pharmacother. 1997 Feb 31 (2) :180-4.
  2. Pelton R. LaValle JB. Drugs and Their Effects on Nutrition. In: The Nutritional Cost of Perscription Drugs. 2nd Edition Englewood, CO: Morton Publishing Company; 2004, 34-35.
  3. Horowitz S. Combining supplements and perscription drugs. Altern Complete Ther. 2000.pp.306.
  4. Brinker F. Vitamin/mineral/drug interactions. In:Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Dandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.pp.306
  5. Foulds G, Hilligoss DM, Henery EB, Gerber N. The effects of an antacid or cimetidine on the serum concentrations of azithromycin. J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 31:164-167. Abstract.
  6. Flockhart DA, Desta Z, Mahal SK. Selection of drugsto treat gastro-oesophageal reflux diease: the role of drug interactions. Clin Pharmakinet. 2000 Oct;39 (4):295-309.
Anti-Diabetic
  1. Nestler JE, Beer NA, Jakubowicz DJ, et al. Effects of a reduction in circulating insulin by metformin on serum dehdtorpiandrosterone sulfate in nondiabetic men J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Mar;78(3):549-54.
  2. Crave JC, Fimbel S, Lejeune H, et al. Effects of diet and metformin administration on sex hormone-binding globulin, androgens, and insulin in hirsute and obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Jul; 80(7):2057-62. 

AntiHistamines

  1. Izzo AA. Drug interactions with St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the clinical evidence. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Mar; 42(3):139-48.
  2. Wang Z, Hamman MA, Huang SM, et al. Effect of St. John's Wort on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 20002 Jun; 71(6):414-20.
  3. Dresser GK, Bailey DG. The effects of fruit juices on drug disposition: a new model for drug interactions. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003 Nov; 33 Suppl 2:10-6.

Anti-Psychotics

  1. Dursun SM, Oluboka OJ, Devarajan S, Kutcher SP. High-dose vitamin E plus Vitamin B6 treatment of risperidone-related neuroleptic malignant malignant syndrome. J Psychopharmacol. 1998; 12(2):220-1.
  2. Javitt DC, Silipo G, Cienfuegos A, Shelley AM, et al. Adjunctive high-dose glycine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001 Dec; 4(4):385-91.
  3. Heresco-Levy U, Ermilov M, Lichtenberg P, Bar G, Javitt DC. High-dose glycine added to olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Jan 15;55(2):165-71.
  4. Potkin SG, Jin Y, Bunney BG, Costa J, Gulasekaram B. Effect of clozapine and adjunctive high-dose glycine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Jan; 156(1):145-7.

Anti-Seizure

  1.  Brinker F, Vitamin/mineral/drug interactions In: Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Dandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.pp. 305.
  2. Herbs Ibid. pp 27-42.

Benzodiazepines

  1. Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2200-2211. Abstract. 
  2. Stevinson C, Huntley A, Ernst E. Systemic review of the safety of kava extract in the treatment of anxiety. Drug Saf 2002;25 (4) :251-61.
  3. Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, DeVane CL, et al. Effect of St John's wort on drug metabolism by induction of cytochrome P450 3A enzyme. JAMA. 2003 Sep 17; 290(11):1500-4.

Beta-blockers

  1. Gehr TW, Sica DA. Pharmacotherapy in congestive heart failure: Hyperkalemia in congestive heart failure. Congest Heart Fail. 2001 Mar-Apr; 7(2):97-100.
  2. Rosa RM, Silva P, Young JB, et al. Adrenergic modulation of extrarenal potassium disposal. N Engl J Med. 1980 Feb 21; 302(8):431-4.
  3. Bano G, Raina RK, Zutshi U, et al. Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 41(6):615-7.
  4. Laer S, Neumann J, Scholz H. Interaction between sotalol and an antacid preparation. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Mar; 43(3):269-72.
  5. Sasse M, Paul T, Bergmann P, et al. Sotalol associated torsades de pointes tachycardia in a 15-month-old child: successful therapy with magnesium aspartate. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998 May; 21(5):1164-6.
  6. Forlani S, Moscarelli M, Scafuri A, et al. Combination therapy for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized trial of sotalol and magnesium. Card Electrophysiol Rev. 2003 Jun; 7(2):168-71.

Calcium Channel Blockers

  1. Haft JI, Habbab MA. Treatment of atrial arrhythmias. Effectiveness of verapamil when preceded by calcium infusion. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146:1085-89. Abstract.
  2. Weiss AT, Lewis BS, Halon DA, et al. The use of calcium with verapamil in the management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Int J Cardiol. 1983;4:275-80. Abstract.
  3. Threlkeld DS, ed. Diuretics and Cardiovasculars, Calcium Channel Blocking Agents.In Facts and Comparisons Drug Information St. Louis, MO; Facts and Comparisons, Nov 1992, 150-150b.
  4. Tannergren C, Engman H, Knutson L, et al. St John's wort decreases the bioavailability of R- and S-verapamil through induction of the first-pass metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Apr; 75(4):298-309.
  5. Bailey DG, Dresser GK, Kreeft JH, et al. Grapefruit-felodipine interaction: effect of unprocessed fruit and probable active ingredients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Nov;68(5):468-77.
  6. Baily DG, Arnold MD, Strong HA, Munoz C, Spence JD, et al. Effect of grapefruit juice and maringin on nisoldipine pharmacokinetics. Cli Pharmacol Ther.1993;54:589-94. Abstract

Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing

  1. Devane J, Ryan MP. The effects of amiloride and triameterene on urinary magnesium excretion in conscious saline-loaded rats. Br J Pharmacol 1981;72:285-89

HIV Antivirals 

  1. Henderson L, Yue QY, Bergquist C, et al. St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;54(4):349-56. Review.
  2. James JS. St. John's wort warning: do not combine with protease inhibitors, NNRTIs. AIDS Treat News. 2000 Feb 18 ;( No 337):3-5.
  3. Piras G, Makino M, Baba M. Sho-saiko-to, a traditional Kampo medicine, enhances the anti-HIV-1 activity of lamivudine (3TC) in vitro. Microbiol Immunol. 1997; 41(10):835-9. 
  4. Moretti S, Famularo G, Marcellini S, et al. L-carnitine reduces lymphocyte apoptosis and oxidant stress in HIV-1-infected subjects treated with zidovudine and didanosine. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2002 Jun;4(3):391-403.
  5. Lopez O, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Edeas M, et al. Could antioxidant supplementation reduce antiretroviral therapy-induced chronic stable hyperlactatemia? Biomed Pharmacother. 2003 May-Jun; 57(3-4):113-6.
  6. Patrick L. Nutrients and HIV: part three - N-acetylcysteine, alpha-lipoic acid, L-glutamine, and L-carnitine. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Aug;5(4):290-305. Review.
  7. Gogu SR, Agrawal KC. The protective role of zinc and N-acetylcysteine in modulating zidovudine induced hematopoietic toxicity. Life Sci. 1996; 59(16):1323-9.
  8. Gogu SR, Beckman BS, Rangan SR, Agrawal KC. Increased therapeutic efficacy of zidovudine in combination with vitamin E. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Nov 30;165(1):401-7
  9. Wang Y, Watson RR. Is vitamin E supplementation a useful agent in AIDS therapy? Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1993 Oct-Dec;17(4):351-75. Review. 
  10. de la Asuncion JG, del Olmo ML, Sastre J, et al. AZT treatment induces molecular and ultrastructural oxidative damage to muscle mitochondria. Prevention by antioxidant vitamins. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jul 1; 102(1):4-9.

NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

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  2. Somova L, Zaharieva S, Ivanova M. Humoral factors involved in the regulation of sodium-fluid balance in normal man. II. Effects of indomethacin on sodium concentration, renal prostaglandins, vasopressin and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 1984;10:29-33.

Non-Narcotic Pain Relievers 

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Oral Contraceptives 

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  2. Milman N, Rosdahl N, Lyhne N, et al. Iron status in Danish women aged 35-65 years. Relation to menstruation and method of contraception. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1993 Nov; 72(8):601-5.
  3. Frassinelli-Gunderson EP, Margen S, Brown JR. Iron stores in users of oral contraceptive agents. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Apr; 41(4):703-12.

Respiratory Corticosteroids

  1. Smith BJ, Phillips PJ, Pannall PR, et al. Effect of orally administered beclomethasone dipropionate on calcium absorption from the gut in normal subjects. Thorax. 1993 Sep; 48(9):890-3.

Synthetic Thyroid

  1. Beard JL, Borel M, Peterson FJ. Changes in iron status during weight loss with very low-energy diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:104-110. Abstract.
  2. Beard JL, Borel MJ, Derr J. Impaired thermoregulation and thyroid function in iron deficiency anemia. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:813-819. Abstract.
  3. Campbell NR, Hasinoff BB. Iron supplements: A comon cause of drug interactions. Brit J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;31:251-255. Abstract.
  4. Jabbar MA, Larrea J, Shaw RA. Abnormal thyroid function tests in infants with congenital hypothyroidism: The influence of soy-based formulas. J Am Coll Nutr 1997;16:280-282. Abstract.
  5. Threlkeld DS, ed. Hormones, Thyroid Hormones. In: Facts and Comparisons Drug Information. St. Louis, MO: Facts and Comparisons; 1991:131-133c.
Additional References
1. Macfarlane GT, Cummings JH. Probiotics and prebiotics: can regulating the activities of intestinal bacteria benefit health? BMJ. 1999;318:999-1003.
2. Gismondo MR, Drago L, Lombardi A. Review of probiotics available to modify gastrointestinal flora. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1999;12:287-292.
3. Famularo C, Moretti S, Marcellini, De Simone C. Stimulation of immunity by probiotics. In: Fuller, R ed. Probiotics 2 Applications and Practical Aspects. London, England: Chapman & Hall; 1997:133-161.
4. Fuller R. Introduction. In: Fuller, R ed. Probiotics 2 Applications and Practical Aspects. London, England: Chapman & Hall; 1997:1-9.
5. Lactose. On-line medical dictionary. Available at: http://www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?query=lactose&action+Search+OMD. Accessed February 9, 2000.
6. Marteau P, Vesa T, Rambaud JC. Lactose maldigestion. In: Fuller, R ed. Probiotics 2 Applications and Practical Aspects. London, England: Chapman & Hall; 1997:65-88.
7. Garman J, Coolbear T, Smart J. The effect of cations on the hydrolysis of lactose and the transferase reactions catalysed by beta-galactosidase from six strains of lactic acid bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1996;46:22-27.
8. De Simone C, Ciardi A, Grassi A, et al. Effect of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus on gut mucosa and peripheral blood B lymphocytes. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1992;14:331-340.
9. Schriffrin EJ, Brassart D, Servin AL, Rochat F, Donnet-Hughes A. Immune modulation of blood leukocytes in humans by lactic acid bacteria: criteria for strain selection. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66(suppl):515S-520S.
10. Bennett A, Eley KG. Intestinal pH and propulsion: an explanation of diarrhoea in lactase deficiency and laxation by lactulose. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1976;28:192-195.
11. Gibson GR, Saavedra JM, Macfarlane S, Macfarlane GT. Probiotics and intestinal infections. In: Fuller, R ed. Probiotics 2 Applications and Practical Aspects. London, England: Chapman & Hall; 1997:10-39.
12. Wagner RD, Peirson C, Warner T, et al. Biotherapeutic effects of probiotic bacteria on candidiasis in immunodeficient mice. Infect Immun. 1997;65:4165-4172.
13. Hilton E, Isenberg HD, Alperstein P, France K, Borenstein MT. Ingestion of yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus as prophylaxis for candidal vaginitis. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:353-357.
14. Witsell DL, Garrett CG, Yarbrough WG, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal morbidity: a prospective randomized trial. J Otolaryngol. 1995;24:230-233.
15. Candida albicans. On-line Medical Dictionary. Available at: http://www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?query+candida albicans. Accessed February 10, 2000.
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